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Which of the following political associations was established in 1836 by the close associates of Raja Rammohan Roy, marking an early step in organized socio-political expression in Bengal?
निम्नलिखित में से कौन सा राजनीतिक संघ 1836 में राजा राममोहन राय के करीबी सहयोगियों द्वारा स्थापित किया गया था, जो बंगाल में संगठित सामाजिक-राजनीतिक अभिव्यक्ति का एक प्रारंभिक चरण था?
(A) Bangabhasha Prakasika Sabha
(B) Landholders' Society
(C) Bengal British India Society
(D) British Indian Association
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: A) Bangabhasha Prakasika SabhaExplanation: Detailed Explanation: The Bangabhasha Prakasika Sabha was formed in the year 1836 by the associates of Raja Rammohan Roy. It was one of the earliest associations in Bengal formed to discuss government policies and represent public grievances.
The Zamindari Association, which was founded in Bengal to safeguard the class interests of the landlords, is historically more popular under which name?
जमींदारी एसोसिएशन, जिसकी स्थापना बंगाल में जमींदारों के वर्गीय हितों की रक्षा के लिए की गई थी, ऐतिहासिक रूप से किस नाम से अधिक लोकप्रिय है?
(A) Landholders' Society
(B) Bengal British India Society
(C) British Indian Association
(D) Indian League
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: A) Landholders' SocietyExplanation: Detailed Explanation: The Zamindari Association was popularly known as the 'Landholders’ Society'. Though limited in its objective of protecting the interests of landlords, it marked the formal beginning of organized political activity and constitutional agitation methods in India.
What was the primary stated objective behind the establishment of the Bengal British India Society in 1843?
1843 में 'बंगाल ब्रिटिश इंडिया सोसाइटी' की स्थापना के पीछे घोषित प्राथमिक उद्देश्य क्या था?
(A) The collection and dissemination of information relating to the actual condition of the people of British India
(B) To launch an immediate armed rebellion against the local zamindari land systems
(C) To exclusively safeguard and legally defend the financial revenue models of the wealthy landlords
(D) To directly manage the competitive civil services examination tracking metrics in London
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: A) The collection and dissemination of information relating to the actual condition of the people of British IndiaExplanation: Detailed Explanation: The Bengal British India Society was founded in 1843. Its primary objective was the collection and dissemination of accurate information regarding the actual socioeconomic condition of the people of British India to secure their welfare and extend their rights through peaceful means.
In 1851, the Landholders' Society and the Bengal British India Society merged to form a unified organization. What was the name of this newly created body?
1851 में, लैंडहोल्डर्स सोसाइटी और बंगाल ब्रिटिश इंडिया सोसाइटी का आपस में विलय हो गया। इस नवगठित संस्था का नाम क्या था?
(A) British Indian Association
(B) Indian League
(C) Indian Association of Calcutta
(D) East India Association
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: A) British Indian AssociationExplanation: Detailed Explanation: In 1851, both the Landholders' Society and the Bengal British India Society merged to form the British Indian Association, creating a more consolidated platform to petition the colonial government.
The British Indian Association sent a petition to the British Parliament regarding the Charter renewal. Which of their constitutional demands was partially conceded by the Charter Act of 1853?
ब्रिटिश इंडियन एसोसिएशन ने चार्टर नवीनीकरण के संबंध में ब्रिटिश संसद को एक याचिका भेजी थी। उनकी कौन सी संवैधानिक मांग 1853 के चार्टर अधिनियम द्वारा आंशिक रूप से स्वीकार की गई थी?
(A) The addition of six members to the Governor-General’s council for legislative purposes
(B) The absolute and complete separation of the executive from judicial functions in districts
(C) The immediate universal abolition of all salt, stamp, and abkari excise duties
(D) The total Indianization of all superior administrative civil service positions
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: A) The addition of six members to the Governor-General’s council for legislative purposesExplanation: Detailed Explanation: The British Indian Association petitioned for a separate legislature of a popular character. This was partially accepted when the Charter Act of 1853 provided for the addition of six new members to the Governor-General’s council specifically for legislative purposes.
Dadabhai Naoroji organized the East India Association in 1866 to discuss the Indian question and influence public opinion abroad. In which city was this association founded?
दादाभाई नौरोजी ने भारतीय प्रश्न पर चर्चा करने और विदेशों में जनमत को प्रभावित करने के लिए 1866 में ईस्ट इंडिया एसोसिएशन का गठन किया था। इस एसोसिएशन की स्थापना किस शहर में हुई थी?
(A) London
(B) Calcutta
(C) Bombay
(D) Madras
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: A) LondonExplanation: Detailed Explanation: Dadabhai Naoroji founded the East India Association in 1866 in London. Its purpose was to clarify Indian grievances and influence British public men and Parliament to promote Indian welfare. Branches were later opened in major Indian cities.
The 'Indian League' was established in 1875 with the primary object of stimulating a sense of nationalism and encouraging political education. Who was its founder?
1875 में 'इंडियन लीग' की स्थापना राष्ट्रवाद की भावना को जगाने और राजनीतिक शिक्षा को प्रोत्साहित करने के प्राथमिक उद्देश्य से की गई थी। इसके संस्थापक कौन थे?
(A) Sisir Kumar Ghosh
(B) Surendranath Banerjea
(C) Ananda Mohan Bose
(D) W.C. Bonnerjee
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: A) Sisir Kumar GhoshExplanation: Detailed Explanation: The Indian League was started in 1875 by Sisir Kumar Ghosh in Calcutta, with the explicit progressive goal of cultivating nationalist consciousness and political awareness among the masses.
The Indian Association of Calcutta (or Indian National Association) was founded in 1876 by younger nationalists who were discontented with the pro-landlord policies of older groups. Who were its main architects?
कलकत्ता की इंडियन एसोसिएशन (या इंडियन नेशनल एसोसिएशन) की स्थापना 1876 में उन युवा राष्ट्रवादियों द्वारा की गई थी जो पुराने समूहों की जमींदार-समर्थक नीतियों से असंतुष्ट थे। इसके मुख्य वास्तुकार कौन थे?
(A) Surendranath Banerjea and Ananda Mohan Bose
(B) Dadabhai Naoroji and Dinshaw Wacha
(C) Badruddin Tyabji and Pherozshah Mehta
(D) M. Viraraghavachariar and P. Anandacharlu
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: A) Surendranath Banerjea and Ananda Mohan BoseExplanation: Detailed Explanation: The Indian Association of Calcutta was founded in 1876 by younger nationalists led by Surendranath Banerjea and Ananda Mohan Bose, breaking away from the conservative, landlord-dominated British Indian Association.
The Indian Association of Calcutta actively launched a major national campaign in 1877 to protest against which regressive administrative step taken by the colonial government?
इंडियन एसोसिएशन ऑफ कलकत्ता ने 1877 में औपनिवेशिक सरकार द्वारा उठाए गए किस प्रतिगामी प्रशासनिक कदम का विरोध करने के लिए एक बड़ा राष्ट्रीय अभियान शुरू किया था?
(A) The reduction of the maximum age limit for candidates of the Indian Civil Service examination
(B) The complete legal separation of the judicial benches from provincial executive oversight
(C) The levying of an automatic internal excise transit duty on all native cotton mills
(D) The mandatory use of English instead of Persian across all local lower subdivisions
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: A) The reduction of the maximum age limit for candidates of the Indian Civil Service examinationExplanation: Detailed Explanation: In 1877, the colonial government lowered the maximum age limit for the Indian Civil Service (ICS) examination from 21 to 19 years to discourage Indians. The Indian Association led an intensive pan-India protest campaign against this discriminatory measure.
To broadbase its membership and attract the poorer and working sections of society, how did the Indian Association of Calcutta structure its institutional framework?
अपनी सदस्यता को व्यापक बनाने और समाज के गरीब तथा श्रमिक वर्गों को आकर्षित करने के लिए, इंडियन एसोसिएशन ऑफ कलकत्ता ने अपने संस्थागत ढांचे को कैसे व्यवस्थित किया?
(A) It kept its official membership fee low and opened branches in remote towns
(B) It restricted its leadership positions exclusively to the wealthy regional zamindars
(C) It required all members to hold highly technical engineering degrees from London
(D) It operated as a completely secret society that avoided any public political propaganda
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: A) It kept its official membership fee low and opened branches in remote townsExplanation: Detailed Explanation: Unlike earlier aristocratic organizations, the Indian Association of Calcutta aimed to involve wider sections of society. To achieve this, it kept its membership fees low and opened rural branches across Bengal and other provinces.
The Indian Association of Calcutta sponsored a landmark historic All India Conference in Calcutta from December 28 to 30, 1883. Why is this conference considered a critical forerunner of the Indian National Congress?
इंडियन एसोसिएशन ऑफ कलकत्ता ने 28 से 30 दिसंबर, 1883 तक कलकत्ता में एक ऐतिहासिक अखिल भारतीय सम्मेलन (All India Conference) को प्रायोजित किया। इस सम्मेलन को भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कांग्रेस का एक महत्वपूर्ण अग्रदूत क्यों माना जाता है?
(A) It was the first major national gathering that brought together more than a hundred political delegates from different parts of India
(B) It drafted the legal civil code metrics that completely replaced all traditional shastras
(C) It formally introduced a resolution demanding the immediate armed partition of the country
(D) It was funded entirely by the British Chamber of Commerce to manage corporate tax collections
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: A) It was the first major national gathering that brought together more than a hundred political delegates from different parts of IndiaExplanation: Detailed Explanation: The National Conference organized in Calcutta in December 1883 attracted more than a hundred political delegates from various parts of India, creating the first multi-regional nationalist platform and serving as an operational blueprint for the Indian National Congress.
The Poona Sarvajanik Sabha was founded in 1867 with the progressive objective of serving as an active communication bridge between the government and the people. Who was its chief mentor?
पूना सार्वजनिक सभा की स्थापना 1867 में सरकार और जनता के बीच एक सक्रिय संचार सेतु के रूप में कार्य करने के प्रगतिशील उद्देश्य से की गई थी। इसके मुख्य संरक्षक कौन थे?
(A) Mahadeo Govind Ranade
(B) Badruddin Tyabji
(C) Pherozshah Mehta
(D) Gopal Krishna Gokhale
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: A) Mahadeo Govind RanadeExplanation: Detailed Explanation: The Poona Sarvajanik Sabha was established in 1867 by Mahadeo Govind Ranade and his close associates in Maharashtra to represent the popular political aspirations of the public before the colonial state.
Which triad of distinguished independent nationalist intellectuals founded the Bombay Presidency Association in 1885?
प्रतिष्ठित स्वतंत्र राष्ट्रवादी बुद्धिजीवियों के किस त्रिमूर्ति ने 1885 में बॉम्बे प्रेसीडेंसी एसोसिएशन (Bombay Presidency Association) की स्थापना की थी?
(A) Badruddin Tyabji, Pherozshah Mehta, and K.T. Telang
(B) Surendranath Banerjea, Ananda Mohan Bose, and Sisir Kumar Ghosh
(C) M. Viraraghavachari, B. Subramaniya Aiyer, and P. Anandacharlu
(D) Dadabhai Naoroji, Dinshaw Wacha, and G.K. Gokhale
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: A) Badruddin Tyabji, Pherozshah Mehta, and K.T. TelangExplanation: Detailed Explanation: The Bombay Presidency Association was established in 1885 by the famous political triad of Badruddin Tyabji, Pherozshah Mehta, and K.T. Telang (popularly known as the 'Triumvirate of Bombay's public life').
In the Madras Presidency, which prominent group of leaders established the Madras Mahajan Sabha in 1884 to coordinate localized political activities?
मद्रास प्रेसीडेंसी में, स्थानीय राजनीतिक गतिविधियों के समन्वय के लिए 1884 में किस प्रमुख समूह ने 'मद्रास महाजन सभा' की स्थापना की थी?
(A) M. Viraraghavachari, B. Subramaniya Aiyar, and P. Anandacharlu
(B) Mahadeo Govind Ranade, R.G. Bhandarkar, and N.G. Chandavarkar
(C) Sisir Kumar Ghosh, Motilal Ghosh, and N.N. Sen
(D) W.C. Bonnerjee, A.O. Hume, and Lord Dufferin
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: A) M. Viraraghavachari, B. Subramaniya Aiyar, and P. AnandacharluExplanation: Detailed Explanation: The Madras Mahajan Sabha was established in May 1884 by M. Viraraghavachari, B. Subramaniya Aiyer, and P. Anandacharlu to unify provincial public opinion on administrative reforms.
A retired English civil servant mobilized leading intellectuals to organize the very first historic session of the Indian National Congress in December 1885. What was his name?
एक सेवानिवृत्त अंग्रेज सिविल सेवक ने दिसंबर 1885 में भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कांग्रेस के पहले ऐतिहासिक सत्र को आयोजित करने के लिए प्रमुख बुद्धिजीवियों को लामबंद किया। उनका नाम क्या था?
(A) Allan Octavian Hume
(B) William Wedderburn
(C) Henry Cotton
(D) Lord Dufferin
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: A) Allan Octavian HumeExplanation: Detailed Explanation: Allan Octavian Hume (A.O. Hume), a retired British civil servant, played a catalytic role by mobilizing leading Indian intellectuals from various presidencies to establish the Indian National Congress.
At which specific location in Bombay did the Indian National Congress hold its inaugural national session from December 28 to 31, 1885?
बॉम्बे में किस विशिष्ट स्थान पर भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कांग्रेस ने 28 से 31 दिसंबर, 1885 तक अपना उद्घाटन राष्ट्रीय सत्र आयोजित किया था?
(A) Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College
(B) Ferguson College grounds
(C) Sanskrit College of Calcutta premises
(D) Elphinstone Institutional Assembly Hall
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: A) Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit CollegeExplanation: Detailed Explanation: The first session of the Indian National Congress was held at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College in Bombay in late December 1885. It was originally scheduled for Poona but shifted due to a cholera outbreak.
How many political delegates from across different towns of India attended the first historic session of the Indian National Congress in 1885?
1885 में भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कांग्रेस के पहले ऐतिहासिक सत्र में भारत के विभिन्न शहरों से कितने राजनीतिक प्रतिनिधियों ने भाग लिया था?
(A) 72 delegates
(B) 100 delegates
(C) 35 delegates
(D) 24 delegates
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: A) 72 delegatesExplanation: Detailed Explanation: The first national session of the Indian National Congress in Bombay was attended by exactly 72 political delegates representing the newly educated professional classes from all major presidencies and towns of India.
Who holds the distinction of being elected as the very first President of the Indian National Congress during its historic 1885 Bombay session?
1885 के ऐतिहासिक बॉम्बे सत्र के दौरान भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कांग्रेस के पहले अध्यक्ष के रूप में चुने जाने का गौरव किसे प्राप्त है?
(A) Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee
(B) Dadabhai Naoroji
(C) Badruddin Tyabji
(D) Pherozshah Mehta
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: A) Womesh Chandra BonnerjeeExplanation: Detailed Explanation: Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee (W.C. Bonnerjee), a leading barrister from Bengal, was elected as the first President of the Indian National Congress at its inaugural session in 1885.
Who addressed the 1890 Congress session as the first woman graduate of Calcutta University, symbolizing the commitment of the national struggle to uplift women's status?
कलकत्ता विश्वविद्यालय की पहली महिला स्नातक के रूप में किसने 1890 के कांग्रेस सत्र को संबोधित किया, जो महिलाओं की स्थिति के उत्थान के लिए राष्ट्रीय संघर्ष की प्रतिबद्धता का प्रतीक था?
(A) Kadambini Ganguly
(B) Sarojini Naidu
(C) Sarla Devi Chaudhurani
(D) Pandita Ramabai
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: A) Kadambini GangulyExplanation: Detailed Explanation: In 1890, Kadambini Ganguly, the first female medical graduate of Calcutta University, addressed the Congress session. Her address symbolised the core commitment of the national freedom struggle to elevate women's status in public life.
The 'Safety Valve' theory regarding the origin of the Indian National Congress asserts that the organization was created to abort popular uprisings. Which Marxist historian prominently put forward this 'conspiracy theory' in his work?
भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कांग्रेस की उत्पत्ति के संबंध में 'सेफ्टी वाल्व' (Safety Valve) सिद्धांत यह दावा करता है कि संगठन का निर्माण लोकप्रिय विद्रोहों को विफल करने के लिए किया गया था। किस मार्क्सवादी इतिहासकार ने अपनी कृति में इस 'साजिश सिद्धांत' (conspiracy theory) को प्रमुखता से पेश किया?
(A) R.P. Dutt
(B) Bipan Chandra
(C) Lala Lajpat Rai
(D) Dadabhai Naoroji
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: A) R.P. DuttExplanation: Detailed Explanation: The Marxist historian R.P. Dutt, in his structural economic and political analyses, opined that the Indian National Congress was born out of a secret conspiracy between colonial authorities and bourgeois leaders to prevent a popular violent uprising in India.
Modern Indian historians like Bipan Chandra dispute the 'Safety Valve' theory. What alternative conceptual term do they use to explain why early Congress leaders cooperated with A.O. Hume?
बिपिन चंद्र जैसे आधुनिक भारतीय इतिहासकार 'सेफ्टी वाल्व' सिद्धांत का खंडन करते हैं। शुरुआती कांग्रेस नेताओं ने ए.ओ. ह्यूम के साथ क्यों सहयोग किया, इसे समझाने के लिए वे किस वैकल्पिक वैचारिक शब्द का उपयोग करते हैं?
(A) Lightning Conductor
(B) Allosteric Catalyst
(C) Sub-infeudation Buffer
(D) Sedimentary Matrix
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: A) Lightning ConductorExplanation: Detailed Explanation: Bipan Chandra noted that early Congress leaders used A.O. Hume as a 'lightning conductor'—a dynamic catalyst to safely gather and organize nationalist political forces under a single body without inviting immediate, crushing suppression from the colonial bureaucracy.
The early phase of the Indian National Congress between 1885 and 1905 was dominated by leaders who relied on constitutional agitation. What historical label is assigned to this group?
1885 और 1905 के बीच भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कांग्रेस के प्रारंभिक चरण में उन नेताओं का वर्चस्व था जो संवैधानिक आंदोलन पर निर्भर थे। इस समूह को कौन सा ऐतिहासिक लेबल दिया गया है?
(A) The Moderates
(B) The Extremists
(C) The Derozians
(D) The Wahabis
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: A) The ModeratesExplanation: Detailed Explanation: The early Congress leaders (like Dadabhai Naoroji, Pherozshah Mehta, and S.N. Banerjea) who operated within the confines of colonial law using prayers, petitions, and resolutions are historically categorized as the Moderates.
What baseline methodology did the Moderate nationalists utilize to convince the British authorities to introduce administrative and legislative reforms in India?
नरमपंथी (Moderate) राष्ट्रवादियों ने ब्रिटिश अधिकारियों को भारत में प्रशासनिक और विधायी सुधार शुरू करने के लिए मनाने के लिए किस बुनियादी कार्यप्रणाली का उपयोग किया?
(A) Creating public opinion in India and presenting demands through resolutions, petitions, and constitutional agitation
(B) Launching immediate armed parameter rebellions and labor factory strikes
(C) The total structural boycott of all vernacular educational institutions
(D) Organizing secret societies that executed localized violent attacks against district collectors
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: A) Creating public opinion in India and presenting demands through resolutions, petitions, and constitutional agitationExplanation: Detailed Explanation: The Moderates believed that the British values were just but that authorities were unaware of real conditions. Their two-pronged methodology involved creating public opinion to educate the masses on political questions, and presenting systematic petitions and resolutions to persuade the British public and government to grant reforms.
To project the nationalist views and campaign for India's administrative case directly within Great Britain, a British Committee of the Indian National Congress was established in London in 1889. What was the name of its official organ journal?
सीधे ग्रेट ब्रिटेन के भीतर भारत के प्रशासनिक मामले के लिए अभियान चलाने के लिए 1889 में लंदन में भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कांग्रेस की एक ब्रिटिश समिति की स्थापना की गई थी। इसके आधिकारिक अंग पत्रिका (organ journal) का नाम क्या था?
(A) India
(B) Darpan
(C) Satya Prakash
(D) Rast Goftar
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: A) IndiaExplanation: Detailed Explanation: The British Committee of the Indian National Congress was set up in London in 1889. It began publishing a specialized weekly journal named 'India' to educate British public men and politicians about actual conditions in the sub-continent.
The early Moderate nationalists carefully dissected the political economy of British imperialism and put forward the 'Drain Theory'. Who were the primary authors of this economic critique?
शुरुआती नरमपंथी राष्ट्रवादियों ने ब्रिटिश साम्राज्यवाद की राजनीतिक अर्थव्यवस्था का सावधानीपूर्वक विश्लेषण किया और 'ड्रेन थ्योरी' (Drain Theory) को पेश किया। इस आर्थिक आलोचना के प्राथमिक लेखक कौन थे?
(A) Dadabhai Naoroji, R.C. Dutt, and Dinshaw Wacha
(B) Surendranath Banerjea, Ananda Mohan Bose, and Sisir Kumar Ghosh
(C) W.C. Bonnerjee, A.O. Hume, and Lord Dufferin
(D) Badruddin Tyabji, Pherozshah Mehta, and K.T. Telang
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: A) Dadabhai Naoroji, R.C. Dutt, and Dinshaw WachaExplanation: Detailed Explanation: The economic critique of British imperialism was a major contribution of the Moderates. Led by Dadabhai Naoroji, Romesh Chandra Dutt (R.C. Dutt), and Dinshaw Wacha, they formulated the drain theory to show how colonial forces impoverished India.
Which of the following fiscal demands was continuously raised by the Moderate nationalists in their annual resolutions to reduce the deprivation characterizing Indian rural life?
भारतीय ग्रामीण जीवन की अभावग्रस्तता को कम करने के लिए नरमपंथी राष्ट्रवादियों द्वारा अपने वार्षिक प्रस्तावों में निम्नलिखित में से कौन सी वित्तीय मांग लगातार उठाई गई थी?
(A) Reduction in land revenue, abolition of the salt tax, and direct government aid to modern industries
(B) The absolute expansion of private land sales and total privatization of forests
(C) The complete removal of all technical engineering subjects from local colleges
(D) Levying a high transit duty on consumer goods consumed by the poorest sections
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: A) Reduction in land revenue, abolition of the salt tax, and direct government aid to modern industriesExplanation: Detailed Explanation: To ease the economic burden on the masses, the Moderates demanded a substantial reduction in land revenue, the complete abolition of the regressive salt tax, a cut in heavy military expenditures, and tariff protections for modern native industries.
How many total Indian members were nominated to the Imperial Legislative Council in the thirty-year span between 1862 and 1892, reflecting its unrepresentative structural layout?
1862 और 1892 के बीच तीस साल की अवधि में इंपीरियल लेजिस्लेटिव काउंसिल में कुल कितने भारतीय सदस्यों को नामांकित किया गया था, जो इसके अप्रतिनिधिक संरचनात्मक लेआउट को दर्शाता है?
(A) 45 Indians
(B) 72 Indians
(C) 100 Indians
(D) 15 Indians
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: A) 45 IndiansExplanation: Detailed Explanation: The Imperial Legislative Council under the Act of 1861 was an unrepresentative body. In the thirty years from 1862 to 1892, only forty-five Indians were nominated to it, most of whom were wealthy landlords or loyalist princes.
Despite the conservative composition of the Imperial Legislative Council before 1892, which handful of independent intellectuals and political figures managed to get nominated and criticize official measures?
1892 से पहले इंपीरियल लेजिस्लेटिव काउंसिल की रूढ़िवादी संरचना के बावजूद, कौन से स्वतंत्र बुद्धिजीवी और राजनीतिक व्यक्ति नामांकित होने और आधिकारिक उपायों की आलोचना करने में सफल रहे?
(A) Syed Ahmed Khan, Kristodas Pal, V.N. Mandlik, K.L. Nulkar, and Rashbehari Ghosh
(B) Surendranath Banerjea, Ananda Mohan Bose, Sisir Kumar Ghosh, and Motilal Ghosh
(C) M. Viraraghavachari, B. Subramaniya Aiyer, P. Anandacharlu, and G.P. Verma
(D) Lala Lajpat Rai, Lala Hansraj, Lala Lal Chand, and Swami Shraddhanand
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: A) Syed Ahmed Khan, Kristodas Pal, V.N. Mandlik, K.L. Nulkar, and Rashbehari GhoshExplanation: Detailed Explanation: While the majority of nominees were loyalist elites, a few independent intellectuals—such as Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, Kristodas Pal, V.N. Mandlik, K.L. Nulkar, and Rashbehari Ghosh—were nominated and raised critical voices.
From 1885 to 1892, the constitutional demands of the early Moderate nationalists were primarily centered on which two structural areas?
1885 से 1892 तक, शुरुआती नरमपंथी राष्ट्रवादियों की संवैधानिक मांगें मुख्य रूप से किन दो संरचनात्मक क्षेत्रों पर केंद्रित थीं?
(A) Expansion of legislative councils to increase Indian participation, and reform of councils to secure greater control over public finances
(B) The immediate military partition of the country into separate religious provincial segments
(C) The absolute legal transfer of all high court judicial powers to traditional village panchayats
(D) The complete closing of all government-controlled universities and Khalsa schools
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: A) Expansion of legislative councils to increase Indian participation, and reform of councils to secure greater control over public financesExplanation: Detailed Explanation: During its first seven years, the Congress focused on constitutional reforms centered on: 1. the expansion of legislative councils (increasing the number of Indian members), and 2. the reform of councils (giving them real powers, especially control over public finances).
What famous democratic political slogan did the early nationalists popularize when demanding greater structural control over the state budget inside the legislative councils?
विधान परिषदों के भीतर राज्य के बजट पर अधिक संरचनात्मक नियंत्रण की मांग करते समय शुरुआती राष्ट्रवादियों ने कौन सा प्रसिद्ध लोकतांत्रिक राजनीतिक नारा लोकप्रिय बनाया था?
(A) No taxation without representation
(B) Back to the Vedas
(C) One religion, one caste, one God for mankind
(D) Educate, Agitate and Organise
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: A) No taxation without representationExplanation: Detailed Explanation: Discontented with the minor concessions of the 1892 reforms, the nationalists demanded a majority of elected Indian representatives and the power to vote on the budget, popularizing the famous democratic slogan: 'No taxation without representation'.