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Statement: All mangoes are apples. Conclusions: I. Some apples are mangoes. II. All apples are mangoes. III. Some mangoes are apples. IV. Some apples are not mangoes. V. Some mangoes are not apples. VI. No mango is apple. VII. No apple is mango.
कथन: सभी आम सेब हैं। निष्कर्ष: I. कुछ सेब आम हैं। II. सभी सेब आम हैं। III. कुछ आम सेब हैं। IV. कुछ सेब आम नहीं हैं। V. कुछ आम सेब नहीं हैं। VI. कोई आम सेब नहीं है। VII. कोई सेब आम नहीं है।
(A) (A) Only I follows
(B) (B) Only I and III follow
(C) (C) Only II follows
(D) (D) None follows
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: B) (B) Only I and III followExplanation: Method 1 (100-50 / Sign Rules Shortcut): Step 1: Statement positive (+) hai: All mangoes (100) are apples (50). - Positive statement se kewal positive conclusions hi nikale ja sakte hain. Isliye negative conclusions IV, V, VI, VII sidhe galat ho gaye. Step 2: Positive conclusions check karein: - Conclusion I: Some apples (50) are mangoes (50) - Dono ka karch 50 hai jo valid hai (Follows). - Conclusion II: All apples (100) are mangoes (50) - Yahan apples ka karch 100 ho gaya jabki aamadani kewal 50 thi (Does not follow). - Conclusion III: Some mangoes (50) are apples (50) - Mangoes 100 me se 50 karch kar sakte hain (Follows). Atah kewal I aur III follow karte hain. Correct option (B) Only I and III follow hai. Method 2 (Venn Diagram Method): 'Mangoes' ka poora circle 'Apples' ke andar hai. Isse 'Some apples are mangoes' aur 'Some mangoes are apples' nishchit roop se satya hain, jabki poore apples ka mangoes hona anivarya nahi hai. Sahi uttar (B) hai.
Statement: Some dogs are cats. Conclusions: I. Some cats are dogs. II. All cats are dogs. III. All dogs are cats. IV. No dog is cat. V. No cat is dog. VI. Some cats are not dogs. VII. Some dogs are not cats.
कथन: कुछ कुत्ते बिल्लियाँ हैं। निष्कर्ष: I. कुछ बिल्लियाँ कुत्ते हैं। II. सभी बिल्लियाँ कुत्ते हैं। III. सभी कुत्ते बिल्लियाँ हैं। IV. कोई कुत्ता बिल्ली नहीं है। V. कोई बिल्ली कुत्ता नहीं है। VI. कुछ बिल्लियाँ कुत्ते नहीं हैं। VII. कुछ कुत्ते बिल्लियाँ नहीं हैं।
(A) (A) Only I, II and III follow
(B) (B) Only I and II follow
(C) (C) Only I follows
(D) (D) None follows
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: C) (C) Only I followsExplanation: Method 1 (100-50 Income-Expenditure Shortcut): Step 1: Statement (+) type hai: Some dogs (50) are cats (50). - Negative conclusions (IV, V, VI, VII) kabhi follow nahi karenge. Step 2: Baki positive conclusions dekhein: - Conclusion I: Some cats (50) are dogs (50) - Valid conversion (Follows). - Conclusion II: All cats (100) are dogs (50) - Cats 50 se 100 nahi ho sakti (Does not follow). - Conclusion III: All dogs (100) are cats (50) - Dogs 50 se 100 nahi ho sakte (Does not follow). Kewal I follow karta hai. Correct option (C) Only I follows hai. Method 2 (Conversion Rule Method): 'Some A are B' ka valid conversion kewal 'Some B are A' hota hai. Iske alawa koi definite conclusion nahi nikalta. Sahi uttar (C) hai.
Statement: No book is copy. Conclusions: I. No copy is book. II. Some copies are not books. III. Some books are not copies. IV. All books are copies. V. All copies are books. VI. Some copies are books. VII. Some books are copies.
कथन: कोई किताब कॉपी नहीं है। निष्कर्ष: I. कोई कॉपी किताब नहीं है। II. कुछ कॉपी किताब नहीं हैं। III. कुछ किताब कॉपी नहीं हैं। IV. सभी किताबें कॉपी हैं। V. सभी कॉपी किताबें हैं। VI. कुछ कॉपी किताबें हैं। VII. कुछ किताबें कॉपी हैं।
(A) (A) Only I follows
(B) (B) Only II follows
(C) (C) Only I, II and III follow
(D) (D) None follows
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: C) (C) Only I, II and III followExplanation: Method 1 (Negative Statement 100-100 Shortcut): Step 1: Statement (-) type hai: No book (100) is copy (100). - Negative statement se kabhi positive conclusion nahi banta, isliye IV, V, VI, VII sidhe eliminate ho gaye. Step 2: Negative conclusions check karein: - Conclusion I: No copy (100) is book (100) - Both 100, fully valid (Follows). - Conclusion II: Some copies (50) are not books (100) - Valid (Follows). - Conclusion III: Some books (50) are not copies (100) - Valid (Follows). Kewal I, II aur III follow karte hain. Correct option (C) Only I, II and III follow hai. Method 2 (Venn Diagram Method): Books aur Copies ke circles poori tarah alag hain. Isliye na toh koi copy book hai, aur unka koi bhi bhag aapas me jud nahi sakta. I, II, III nishchit satya hain. Sahi uttar (C) hai.
Statement: Some cars are not buses. Conclusions: I. Some buses are not cars. II. No bus is car. III. No car is bus. IV. Some buses are cars. V. Some cars are buses. VI. All cars are buses. VII. All buses are cars.
कथन: कुछ कार बस नहीं हैं। निष्कर्ष: I. कुछ बस कार नहीं हैं। II. कोई बस कार नहीं है। III. कोई कार बस नहीं है। IV. कुछ बस कार हैं। V. कुछ कार बस हैं। VI. सभी कार बस हैं। VII. सभी बस कार हैं।
(A) (A) Only I follows
(B) (B) Only II follows
(C) (C) Only III follows
(D) (D) None follows
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: D) (D) None followsExplanation: Method 1 (Some Not (O-type) Rule Shortcut): Step 1: Statement (-) type hai: Some cars (50) are not buses (100). - Positive conclusions (IV, V, VI, VII) sidhe reject ho gaye. Step 2: Negative conclusions me 'Cars' ki aamadani kewal 50 hai: - Conclusion I: Some buses (50) are not cars (100) - Cars ka karch 100 ho gaya (Does not follow). - Conclusion II: No bus (100) is car (100) - Cars ka karch 100 ho gaya (Does not follow). - Conclusion III: No car (100) is bus (100) - Cars ka karch 100 ho gaya (Does not follow). Koyi bhi nishkarsh follow nahi karta. Correct option (D) None follows hai. Method 2 (Definite Inference Rule): 'Some A are not B' (O-type statement) ka koi bhi definite conversion ya inference nahi hota hai. Sahi uttar (D) hai.
Statements: (1) All mangoes are apples. (2) All apples are grapes. Conclusions: I. Some grapes are apples. II. Some apples are not mangoes.
कथन: (1) सभी आम सेब हैं। (2) सभी सेब अंगूर हैं। निष्कर्ष: I. कुछ अंगूर सेब हैं। II. कुछ सेब आम नहीं हैं।
(A) (A) Only I follows
(B) (B) Only II follows
(C) (C) Both follow
(D) (D) None follows
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: A) (A) Only I followsExplanation: Method 1 (Positive Statement Rule Shortcut): Step 1: Dono statements positive (+) hain: - (1) All mangoes (100) are apples (50) (+) - (2) All apples (100) are grapes (50) (+) - Positive statements se negative conclusion nahi nikal sakta, isliye Conclusion II (negative) sidhe galat hai. Step 2: Conclusion I: Some grapes are apples. - Statement (2) 'All apples are grapes' ka conversion 'Some grapes (50) are apples (50)' hota hai, jo poori tarah valid hai (Follows). Atah kewal I follow karta hai. Correct option (A) Only I follows hai. Method 2 (Venn Diagram Method): 'Apples' ka poora hissa 'Grapes' ke andar hai, toh grapes ka kuch hissa apples zaroor hoga. Conclusion II ke baare me nishchit nahi kaha ja sakta. Kewal I satya hai. Sahi uttar (A) hai.
Statements: (1) All mangoes are apples. (2) All apples are grapes. Conclusions: I. Some grapes are not apples. II. Some apples are mangoes.
कथन: (1) सभी आम सेब हैं। (2) सभी सेब अंगूर हैं। निष्कर्ष: I. कुछ अंगूर सेब नहीं हैं। II. कुछ सेब आम हैं।
(A) (A) Only I follows
(B) (B) Only II follows
(C) (C) Both follow
(D) (D) None follows
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: B) (B) Only II followsExplanation: Method 1 (Direct Conversion Shortcut): Step 1: Conclusion I negative hai, jabki diye gaye dono statements positive hain, isliye Conclusion I reject ho jata hai. Step 2: Conclusion II: 'Some apples are mangoes'. - Statement (1) 'All mangoes are apples' ka conversion 'Some apples (50) are mangoes (50)' poori tarah satya hai (Follows). Atah kewal II follow karta hai. Correct option (B) Only II follows hai. Method 2 (Venn Diagram Inspection): Mangoes apples ke andar hain, isliye apples ka kuch hissa mangoes hoga hi. Kewal Conclusion II follow karta hai. Sahi uttar (B) hai.
Statements: (1) All mangoes are apples. (2) All apples are grapes. Conclusions: I. Some mangoes are apples. II. Some apples are grapes.
कथन: (1) सभी आम सेब हैं। (2) सभी सेब अंगूर हैं। निष्कर्ष: I. कुछ आम सेब हैं। II. कुछ सेब अंगूर हैं।
(A) (A) Only I follows
(B) (B) Only II follows
(C) (C) Both follow
(D) (D) None follows
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: C) (C) Both followExplanation: Method 1 (Universal to Particular Shortcut): Step 1: Statement (1) All mangoes (100) are apples (50) se: Some mangoes (50) are apples (50) nishchit roop se satya hai (Conclusion I follows). Step 2: Statement (2) All apples (100) are grapes (50) se: Some apples (50) are grapes (50) bhi poori tarah satya hai (Conclusion II follows). Dono निष्कर्ष follow karte hain. Correct option (C) Both follow hai. Method 2 (Direct Truth Verification): Yadi sabhi mangoes apples hain, toh kuch mangoes bhi apples honge. Isi tarah sabhi apples grapes hain, toh kuch apples bhi grapes honge. Dono valid hain. Sahi uttar (C) hai.
Statements: (1) All mangoes are apples. (2) All apples are grapes. Conclusions: I. All apples are mangoes. II. All grapes are apples.
कथन: (1) सभी आम सेब हैं। (2) सभी सेब अंगूर हैं। निष्कर्ष: I. सभी सेब आम हैं। II. सभी अंगूर सेब हैं।
(A) (A) Only I follows
(B) (B) Only II follows
(C) (C) Both follow
(D) (D) None follows
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: D) (D) None followsExplanation: Method 1 (100-50 Income-Expense Shortcut): Step 1: Statement (1) me Apples ki value 50 hai. Conclusion I me 'All apples' (100) manga gaya hai, jo sambhav nahi hai (Does not follow). Step 2: Statement (2) me Grapes ki value 50 hai. Conclusion II me 'All grapes' (100) manga gaya hai, jo sambhav nahi hai (Does not follow). Koyi bhi follow nahi karta. Correct option (D) None follows hai. Method 2 (Venn Diagram Inspection): Bahar wale circle se andar wale circle ke liye 'All' ka relation nishchit roop se satya nahi hota (kewal 'Some' satya hota hai). Atah dono galat hain. Sahi uttar (D) hai.
Statements: (1) All rains are water. (2) All water are blue. Conclusions: I. All rains are blue. II. Some rains are blue. III. All blue are rains. IV. Some blue are rains. V. No rain is blue. VI. No blue is rain. VII. Some rains are not blue. VIII. Some blue are not rains.
कथन: (1) सभी वर्षा पानी हैं। (2) सभी पानी नीले हैं। निष्कर्ष: I. सभी वर्षा नीले हैं। II. कुछ वर्षा नीले हैं। III. सभी नीले वर्षा हैं। IV. कुछ नीले वर्षा हैं। V. कोई वर्षा नीला नहीं है। VI. कोई नीला वर्षा नहीं है। VII. कुछ वर्षा नीले नहीं हैं। VIII. कुछ नीले वर्षा नहीं हैं।
(A) (A) Only I, II and IV follow
(B) (B) Only I and II follow
(C) (C) Only II and III follow
(D) (D) Only III and IV follow
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: A) (A) Only I, II and IV followExplanation: Method 1 (Chain Connecting Rule Shortcut): Step 1: Common term 'water' ki value Statement (2) me 100 hai, isliye dono statements jud jayenge (+ and + = +): - Combined result: All rains (100) are blue (50). Step 2: Negative conclusions (V, VI, VII, VIII) sidhe eliminate ho gaye. Step 3: Positive conclusions check karein: - I. All rains (100) are blue (50) - Follows. - II. Some rains (50) are blue (50) - Follows. - III. All blue (100) are rains (50) - Blue 50 se 100 nahi ho sakta (Does not follow). - IV. Some blue (50) are rains (50) - Follows. Atah kewal I, II aur IV follow karte hain. Correct option (A) Only I, II and IV follow hai. Method 2 (Concentric Circles Method): Rains $\subset$ Water $\subset$ Blue. Isse All rains are blue, Some rains are blue aur Some blue are rains poori tarah sidhh hote hain. Sahi uttar (A) hai.
Statements: (1) All cars are buses. (2) All trains are cars. Conclusions: I. All trains are buses. II. Some trains are buses. III. Some buses are trains. IV. All buses are trains. V. No bus is train.
कथन: (1) सभी कार बस हैं। (2) सभी ट्रेन कार हैं। निष्कर्ष: I. सभी ट्रेन बस हैं। II. कुछ ट्रेन बस हैं। III. कुछ बस ट्रेन हैं। IV. सभी बस ट्रेन हैं। V. कोई बस ट्रेन नहीं है।
(A) (A) Only I follows
(B) (B) Only I, II and III follow
(C) (C) Only II and III follow
(D) (D) None follows
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: B) (B) Only I, II and III followExplanation: Method 1 (Chain Rule Shortcut): Step 1: Statements ko kram me lagayein: (2) All trains (100) are cars (50) + (1) All cars (100) are buses (50). - Common term 'cars' Statement (1) me 100 hai, atah dono jud kar denge: 'All trains (100) are buses (50)'. Step 2: Conclusion V negative hone ke karan eliminate ho gaya. Step 3: Positive conclusions evaluate karein: - I. All trains (100) are buses (50) - Follows. - II. Some trains (50) are buses (50) - Follows. - III. Some buses (50) are trains (50) - Follows. - IV. All buses (100) are trains (50) - Buses 50 se 100 nahi ho sakti (Does not follow). Kewal I, II aur III follow karte hain. Correct option (B) Only I, II and III follow hai. Method 2 (Venn Diagram Method): Trains $\subset$ Cars $\subset$ Buses. Trains poori tarah Buses ke andar hain, isliye I, II aur III nishchit roop se satya hain. Sahi uttar (B) hai.
Statements: (1) All locks are keys. (2) All locks are windows. Conclusions: I. All keys are windows. II. Some keys are windows. III. Some windows are keys. IV. All windows are keys.
कथन: (1) सभी ताले चाबियाँ हैं। (2) सभी ताले खिड़कियाँ हैं। निष्कर्ष: I. सभी चाबियाँ खिड़कियाँ हैं। II. कुछ चाबियाँ खिड़कियाँ हैं। III. कुछ खिड़कियाँ चाबियाँ हैं। IV. सभी खिड़कियाँ चाबियाँ हैं।
(A) (A) Only I follows
(B) (B) Only IV follows
(C) (C) Only I and IV follow
(D) (D) Only II and III follow
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: D) (D) Only II and III followExplanation: Method 1 (Common Term 100 Rule Shortcut): Step 1: Statements values: (1) All locks (100) are keys (50); (2) All locks (100) are windows (50). - Common term 'locks' dono me 100 hai, atah dono statements jud jayenge. Step 2: Chuki 'keys' (50) aur 'windows' (50) dono ki value 50 hai, isliye inke beech 'All' (100) ka conclusion nahi ban sakta: - Conclusion I (All keys 100) - Does not follow. - Conclusion IV (All windows 100) - Does not follow. Step 3: 'Some' wale conclusions dono 50-50 hone ke karan valid hain: - Conclusion II: Some keys (50) are windows (50) - Follows. - Conclusion III: Some windows (50) are keys (50) - Follows. Kewal II aur III follow karte hain. Correct option (D) Only II and III follow hai. Method 2 (Income-Expense Elimination): Keys aur Windows dono ki income 50 hai, isliye All (100 expense) wale I aur IV galat hain. Kewal Some (50 expense) wale II aur III sahi hain. Sahi uttar (D) hai.
Statements: (1) All books are pens. (2) All copies are pens. Conclusions: I. All books are copies. II. Some books are copies. III. All copies are books. IV. Some copies are pens.
कथन: (1) सभी किताबें पेन हैं। (2) सभी कॉपी पेन हैं। निष्कर्ष: I. सभी किताबें कॉपी हैं। II. कुछ किताबें कॉपी हैं। III. सभी कॉपी किताबें हैं। IV. कुछ कॉपी पेन हैं।
(A) (A) Only I follows
(B) (B) Only I and II follow
(C) (C) Only IV follows
(D) (D) Only III and IV follow
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: C) (C) Only IV followsExplanation: Method 1 (Unconnected Common Term Rule Shortcut): Step 1: Statements values: (1) All books (100) are pens (50); (2) All copies (100) are pens (50). - Common term 'pens' dono statements me 50 hai (kisi me bhi 100 nahi hai). - Niyam: Yadi common term kam se kam ek jagah 100 na ho, toh dono statements aapas me connect nahi ho sakte. Atah 'books' aur 'copies' ke beech koi definite relation nahi banega (I, II, III sabhi galat). Step 2: Conclusion IV Statement (2) ka direct conversion hai: - 'All copies are pens' $\implies$ 'Some copies (50) are pens (50)' poori tarah valid hai (Follows). Kewal IV follow karta hai. Correct option (C) Only IV follows hai. Method 2 (Venn Diagram Method): Books aur Copies dono Pens ke andar alag-alag sthit ho sakte hain, unka aapas me koi direct sambandh nishchit nahi hai. Lekin copies ka pen hona nishchit hai, atah kewal IV sahi hai. Sahi uttar (C) hai.
Statements: (1) All human are birds. (2) All children are human. Conclusions: I. Some birds are human. II. Some birds are not human. III. Some human are children. IV. All human are children. V. All children are birds. VI. All birds are children. VII. Some birds are children. VIII. Some birds are not children.
कथन: (1) सभी मनुष्य पक्षी हैं। (2) सभी बच्चे मनुष्य हैं। निष्कर्ष: I. कुछ पक्षी मनुष्य हैं। II. कुछ पक्षी मनुष्य नहीं हैं। III. कुछ मनुष्य बच्चे हैं। IV. सभी मनुष्य बच्चे हैं। V. सभी बच्चे पक्षी हैं। VI. सभी पक्षी बच्चे हैं। VII. कुछ पक्षी बच्चे हैं। VIII. कुछ पक्षी बच्चे नहीं हैं।
(A) (A) Only I, II and IV follow
(B) (B) Only II, III and IV follow
(C) (C) Only I, III, V and VII follow
(D) (D) Only II, IV, VI and VIII follow
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: C) (C) Only I, III, V and VII followExplanation: Method 1 (Connection & Income-Expense Shortcut): Step 1: Statements rearrange karein: (2) All children (100) are human (50) + (1) All human (100) are birds (50). - Common term 'human' 100 hai, connection bana: 'All children (100) are birds (50)'. Step 2: Negative conclusions (II aur VIII) eliminate ho gaye. Step 3: Positive conclusions check karein: - I. Some birds (50) are human (50) - Statement (1) ka conversion (Follows). - III. Some human (50) are children (50) - Statement (2) ka conversion (Follows). - IV. All human (100) are children (50) - Human 50 se 100 nahi ho sakta (Does not follow). - V. All children (100) are birds (50) - Combined result (Follows). - VI. All birds (100) are children (50) - Birds 50 se 100 nahi ho sakta (Does not follow). - VII. Some birds (50) are children (50) - Combined result ka conversion (Follows). Kewal I, III, V aur VII follow karte hain. Correct option (C) Only I, III, V and VII follow hai. Method 2 (Venn Diagram Method): Children $\subset$ Human $\subset$ Birds. Is hierarchy se I, III, V aur VII poori tarah sidhh hote hain. Sahi uttar (C) hai.
Statements: (1) All grapes are oranges. (2) All oranges are mangoes. (3) Some oranges are apples. Conclusions: I. Some grapes are mangoes. II. Some mangoes are apples. III. All grapes are apples.
कथन: (1) सभी अंगूर संतरे हैं। (2) सभी संतरे आम हैं। (3) कुछ संतरे सेब हैं। निष्कर्ष: I. कुछ अंगूर आम हैं। II. कुछ आम सेब हैं। III. सभी अंगूर सेब हैं।
(A) (A) Only I and II follow
(B) (B) Only II and III follow
(C) (C) Only II follows
(D) (D) Only I follows
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: A) (A) Only I and II followExplanation: Method 1 (Multi-Statement Connection Shortcut): Step 1: Statement (1) aur (2) ko connect karein: - All grapes (100) are oranges (50) + All oranges (100) are mangoes (50). - Common term 'oranges' 100 hai $\implies$ 'All grapes are mangoes' banta hai, jisse 'Some grapes are mangoes' (Conclusion I) poori tarah valid hai (Follows). Step 2: Statement (2) aur (3) ko connect karein: - All oranges (100) are mangoes (50) + Some oranges (50) are apples (50). - Common term 'oranges' Statement (2) me 100 hai $\implies$ Inse 'Some mangoes (50) are apples (50)' (Conclusion II) valid roop se nikalta hai (Follows). Step 3: Conclusion III: Statement (1) aur (3) me common term 'oranges' dono jagah 50 hai, isliye grapes aur apples ke beech koi definite relation nahi banega (Does not follow). Atah kewal I aur II follow karte hain. Correct option (A) Only I and II follow hai. Method 2 (Direct Inspection Method): Grapes mangoes ke andar hain, isliye Conclusion I satya hai. Mangoes aur apples ka common area oranges ke zariye judta hai, isliye Conclusion II satya hai. Grapes aur apples ka direct sambandh nishchit nahi hai. Sahi uttar (A) hai.
Statements: (1) All dogs are cats. (2) All cats are mice. (3) All mice are human. Conclusions: I. All dogs are human. II. Some dogs are human. III. All human are dogs. IV. Some human are dogs.
कथन: (1) सभी कुत्ते बिल्लियाँ हैं। (2) सभी बिल्लियाँ चूहे हैं। (3) सभी चूहे मनुष्य हैं। निष्कर्ष: I. सभी कुत्ते मनुष्य हैं। II. कुछ कुत्ते मनुष्य हैं। III. सभी मनुष्य कुत्ते हैं। IV. कुछ मनुष्य कुत्ते हैं।
(A) (A) Only I and II follow
(B) (B) Only I, II and IV follow
(C) (C) Only II and III follow
(D) (D) Only II and IV follow
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: B) (B) Only I, II and IV followExplanation: Method 1 (Chain Connecting Rule Shortcut): Step 1: Statements ko chain me jodein: - Dogs(100) → Cats(50); Cats(100) → Mice(50); Mice(100) → Human(50). - Common terms 'cats' aur 'mice' dono 100 value rakhte hain, isliye direct connection banega: 'All dogs (100) are human (50)'. Step 2: Conclusions evaluate karein: - Conclusion I: All dogs (100) are human (50) - Bilkul sahi (Follows). - Conclusion II: Some dogs (50) are human (50) - 100 se 50 valid hai (Follows). - Conclusion III: All human (100) are dogs (50) - Human ki income 50 hai, expense 100 nahi ho sakta (Does not follow). - Conclusion IV: Some human (50) are dogs (50) - Valid conversion (Follows). Atah I, II aur IV follow karte hain. Correct option (B) Only I, II and IV follow hai. Method 2 (Venn Diagram Method): Dogs ⊂ Cats ⊂ Mice ⊂ Human. Concentric circles me andar se bahar 'All' aur 'Some' dono satya hote hain, jabki bahar se andar kewal 'Some' satya hota hai. Isliye I, II aur IV nishchit roop se satya hain. Sahi uttar (B) hai.
Statements: (1) Some students are actors. (2) All actors are fools. (3) All students are boys. Conclusions: I. Some boys are fools. II. All boys are fools. III. No boy is fool.
कथन: (1) कुछ छात्र अभिनेता हैं। (2) सभी अभिनेता मूर्ख हैं। (3) सभी छात्र लड़के हैं। निष्कर्ष: I. कुछ लड़के मूर्ख हैं। II. सभी लड़के मूर्ख हैं। III. कोई लड़का मूर्ख नहीं है।
(A) (A) Only I follows
(B) (B) Only II follows
(C) (C) Only III follows
(D) (D) Only I and II follow
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: A) (A) Only I followsExplanation: Method 1 (Indirect Connection & Sign Shortcut): Step 1: Sabhi teen statements positive (+) hain. Positive statements se negative conclusion nahi nikal sakta, atah Conclusion III (negative) sidhe galat ho gaya. Step 2: Statements connect karein: - Statement (1) aur (2) se: Actors common term 100 hai → 'Some students are fools'. - Ab isse Statement (3) 'All students (100) are boys (50)' ke sath connect karein: Students common term 100 hai → 'Some boys (50) are fools (50)'. Step 3: Conclusions check karein: - Conclusion I: Some boys (50) are fools (50) - Follows. - Conclusion II: All boys (100) are fools (50) - Boys 50 se 100 nahi ho sakta (Does not follow). Kewal I follow karta hai. Correct option (A) Only I follows hai. Method 2 (Income-Expense Verification): Boys ki aamadani kewal 50 hai, isliye 'All boys' (100) galat hai aur negative III asambhav hai. Kewal Conclusion I follow karta hai. Sahi uttar (A) hai.
Statements: (1) All rains are water. (2) No water is blue. Conclusions: I. Some water are rains. II. Some blue are water.
कथन: (1) सभी वर्षा पानी हैं। (2) कोई पानी नीला नहीं है। निष्कर्ष: I. कुछ पानी वर्षा हैं। II. कुछ नीले पानी हैं।
(A) (A) Only I follows
(B) (B) Only II follows
(C) (C) Both follow
(D) (D) None follows
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: A) (A) Only I followsExplanation: Method 1 (Single Statement Conversion Shortcut): Step 1: Conclusion I 'water' aur 'rains' ke beech hai, jo kewal Statement (1) se aayega: - Statement (1): All rains (100) are water (50) (+) - Iska conversion hota hai: Some water (50) are rains (50) (+) → Conclusion I poori tarah valid hai (Follows). Step 2: Conclusion II 'blue' aur 'water' ke beech hai, jo Statement (2) se aayega: - Statement (2): No water is blue (-) - Negative statement se positive conclusion nahi ban sakta, jabki Conclusion II positive (+) hai → Does not follow. Atah kewal I follow karta hai. Correct option (A) Only I follows hai. Method 2 (Venn Diagram Method): Rains water ke andar hai, isliye water ka kuch hissa rains zaroor hai. Water aur blue ke beech koi relation nahi hai (cross relation), isliye blue kabhi water nahi ho sakta. Kewal I satya hai. Sahi uttar (A) hai.
Statements: (1) All rains are water. (2) No water is blue. Conclusions: I. Some water are not rains. II. Some blue are not water.
कथन: (1) सभी वर्षा पानी हैं। (2) कोई पानी नीला नहीं है। निष्कर्ष: I. कुछ पानी वर्षा नहीं हैं। II. कुछ नीले पानी नहीं हैं।
(A) (A) Only I follows
(B) (B) Only II follows
(C) (C) Both follow
(D) (D) None follows
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: B) (B) Only II followsExplanation: Method 1 (Sign Rules & 100-50 Shortcut): Step 1: Conclusion I negative (-) hai aur 'water' tatha 'rains' ke beech hai. Statement (1) positive (+) hai, aur positive se negative conclusion nahi banta → Conclusion I does not follow. Step 2: Conclusion II 'blue' aur 'water' ke beech hai. Statement (2) negative (-) hai: No water (100) is blue (100). - Iska valid sub-inference: Some blue (50) are not water (100) (-) hota hai → Conclusion II follows. Atah kewal II follow karta hai. Correct option (B) Only II follows hai. Method 2 (Direct Inference Rule): Jab 'No A is B' satya hota hai, toh 'Some B are not A' nishchit roop se satya hota hai. Isliye Conclusion II satya hai. Sahi uttar (B) hai.
Statements: (1) All rains are water. (2) No water is blue. Conclusions: I. Some rains are water. II. Some water are not blue.
कथन: (1) सभी वर्षा पानी हैं। (2) कोई पानी नीला नहीं है। निष्कर्ष: I. कुछ वर्षा पानी हैं। II. कुछ पानी नीले नहीं हैं।
(A) (A) Only I follows
(B) (B) Only II follows
(C) (C) Both I and II follow
(D) (D) None follows
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: C) (C) Both I and II followExplanation: Method 1 (Individual Statement Inferences Shortcut): Step 1: Statement (1): All rains (100) are water (50) (+). - Isse 'Some rains (50) are water (50)' (+) sidhe nikalta hai → Conclusion I follows. Step 2: Statement (2): No water (100) is blue (100) (-). - Isse 'Some water (50) are not blue (100)' (-) sidhe nikalta hai → Conclusion II follows. Dono nishkarsh follow karte hain. Correct option (C) Both I and II follow hai. Method 2 (Truth Value Verification): Sabhi rains water hain toh kuch rains bhi water honge (I true). Koi water blue nahi hai toh kuch water bhi blue nahi honge (II true). Dono nishkarsh nishchit satya hain. Sahi uttar (C) hai.
Statements: (1) All rains are water. (2) No water is blue. Conclusions: I. All rains are blue. II. Some rains are blue. III. Some blue are rains. IV. All blue are rains. V. No rain is blue. VI. No blue is rain. VII. Some rains are not blue. VIII. Some blue are not rains.
कथन: (1) सभी वर्षा पानी हैं। (2) कोई पानी नीला नहीं है। निष्कर्ष: I. सभी वर्षा नीले हैं। II. कुछ वर्षा नीले हैं। III. कुछ नीले वर्षा हैं। IV. सभी नीले वर्षा हैं। V. कोई वर्षा नीला नहीं है। VI. कोई नीला वर्षा नहीं है। VII. कुछ वर्षा नीले नहीं हैं। VIII. कुछ नीले वर्षा नहीं हैं।
(A) (A) Only I and II follow
(B) (B) Only I, II, V and VI follow
(C) (C) Only V, VI, VII and VIII follow
(D) (D) Only VII and VIII follow
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: C) (C) Only V, VI, VII and VIII followExplanation: Method 1 (Positive + Negative = Negative Conclusion Shortcut): Step 1: Statement (1) (+) hai aur Statement (2) (-) hai. Dono ko jodne par nikalne wale sabhi conclusions negative (-) hone chahiye. Atah positive conclusions (I, II, III, IV) sidhe eliminate ho gaye. Step 2: Statements combine karein: - All rains (100) are water (50) + No water (100) is blue (100). - Common term 'water' 100 hai, connection bana: 'No rain (100) is blue (100)'. Step 3: Negative conclusions check karein: - V. No rain (100) is blue (100) - Follows. - VI. No blue (100) is rain (100) - Follows. - VII. Some rains (50) are not blue (100) - Follows. - VIII. Some blue (50) are not rains (100) - Follows. Atah V, VI, VII aur VIII charo follow karte hain. Correct option (C) Only V, VI, VII and VIII follow hai. Method 2 (Venn Diagram Method): Rains water ke andar hai, aur water ka blue se koi connection nahi hai. Isliye poora rain blue se alag rahega. Isse No rain is blue, No blue is rain, aur unke Some-not roop poori tarah sidhh hote hain. Sahi uttar (C) hai.
Statements: (1) All cars are buses. (2) No car is train. Conclusions: I. Some buses are not trains. II. No bus is train. III. No train is bus. IV. Some trains are not buses.
कथन: (1) सभी कार बस हैं। (2) कोई कार ट्रेन नहीं है। निष्कर्ष: I. कुछ बस ट्रेन नहीं हैं। II. कोई बस ट्रेन नहीं है। III. कोई ट्रेन बस नहीं है। IV. कुछ ट्रेन बस नहीं हैं।
(A) (A) Only I follows
(B) (B) Only I and II follow
(C) (C) Only I, II and III follow
(D) (D) None follows
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: A) (A) Only I followsExplanation: Method 1 (100-50 Income-Expenditure Shortcut): Step 1: Statements: (1) All cars (100) are buses (50) (+); (2) No car (100) is train (100) (-). - Positive + Negative = Negative conclusions. Common term 'car' 100 hai, connection valid hai. - Elements ki value: Buses = 50, Trains = 100. Step 2: Negative conclusions evaluate karein: - Conclusion I: Some buses (50) are not trains (100) - Buses 50 karch kar rahi hai, Trains 100 (Follows). - Conclusion II: No bus (100) is train (100) - Buses ka karch 100 ho gaya jabki aamadani 50 thi (Does not follow). - Conclusion III: No train (100) is bus (100) - Buses 100 nahi ho sakti (Does not follow). - Conclusion IV: Some trains (50) are not buses (100) - Buses ka karch 100 ho gaya (Does not follow). Kewal Conclusion I follow karta hai. Correct option (A) Only I follows hai. Method 2 (Venn Diagram Method): Buses ka woh hissa jo Cars hai, kabhi Train nahi ho sakta. Atah 'Some buses are not trains' nishchit satya hai. Poori buses ke baare me nishchit nahi kaha ja sakta. Sahi uttar (A) hai.
Statements: (1) All books are copies. (2) No copy is pen. (3) No book is test. Conclusions: I. No book is pen. II. Some copies are not tests. III. Some tests are not copies. IV. All copies are tests.
कथन: (1) सभी किताबें कॉपी हैं। (2) कोई कॉपी पेन नहीं है। (3) कोई किताब टेस्ट नहीं है। निष्कर्ष: I. कोई किताब पेन नहीं है। II. कुछ कॉपी टेस्ट नहीं हैं। III. कुछ टेस्ट कॉपी नहीं हैं। IV. सभी कॉपी टेस्ट हैं।
(A) (A) Only I follows
(B) (B) Only II follows
(C) (C) Only III and IV follow
(D) (D) Only I and II follow
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: D) (D) Only I and II followExplanation: Method 1 (Chain Rules & 100-50 Shortcut): Step 1: Statement (1) All books (100) are copies (50) (+) aur Statement (2) No copy (100) is pen (100) (-): - Common term 'copy' 100 hai. (+) and (-) = (-). Result: 'No book (100) is pen (100)' → Conclusion I follows. Step 2: Statement (1) All books (100) are copies (50) (+) aur Statement (3) No book (100) is test (100) (-): - Common term 'book' 100 hai. Result: 'Some copies (50) are not tests (100)' → Conclusion II follows. Step 3: Conclusion III: Some tests (50) are not copies (100) - Yahan copies ka karch 100 ho gaya jabki aamadani 50 thi → Does not follow. Step 4: Conclusion IV positive hai jabki result negative hona chahiye → Does not follow. Atah kewal I aur II follow karte hain. Correct option (D) Only I and II follow hai. Method 2 (Elimination Method): Positive statement aur negative statement ke milan se kewal negative conclusion banta hai, isliye IV eliminate ho gaya. Copies 50 hone ke karan III me 100 nahi ho sakti. Kewal I aur II sahi hain. Sahi uttar (D) hai.
Statements: (1) No tea is hot. (2) No hot is coffee. Conclusions: I. No hot is tea. II. Some coffee are not hot. III. No tea is coffee. IV. All tea are coffee. V. Some coffee are not tea. VI. No coffee is tea.
कथन: (1) कोई चाय गर्म नहीं है। (2) कोई गर्म कॉफी नहीं है। निष्कर्ष: I. कोई गर्म चाय नहीं है। II. कुछ कॉफी गर्म नहीं हैं। III. कोई चाय कॉफी नहीं है। IV. सभी चाय कॉफी हैं। V. कुछ कॉफी चाय नहीं हैं। VI. कोई कॉफी चाय नहीं है।
(A) (A) Only I and II follow
(B) (B) Only II and III follow
(C) (C) Only I, II, III and IV follow
(D) (D) Only V and VI follow
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: A) (A) Only I and II followExplanation: Method 1 (No Relation Between Two Negatives Shortcut): Step 1: Niyam: Jab do negative statements (-) aur (-) ko joda jata hai, toh unke beech 'No Relation' hota hai, arthath tea aur coffee ke beech koi bhi nishchit nishkarsh nahi nikal sakta. Isliye III, IV, V, VI sabhi galat hain. Step 2: Individual statements ke inferences check karein: - Statement (1) No tea (100) is hot (100) ka conversion: No hot (100) is tea (100) → Conclusion I follows. - Statement (2) No hot (100) is coffee (100) ka sub-inference: Some coffee (50) are not hot (100) → Conclusion II follows. Atah kewal I aur II follow karte hain. Correct option (A) Only I and II follow hai. Method 2 (Direct Conversion Method): Tea aur coffee dono negative statements me alag-alag hain isliye unka direct sambandh tay nahi ho sakta. Statement 1 se Conclusion I aur Statement 2 se Conclusion II seedhe satya sidhh hote hain. Sahi uttar (A) hai.
Statements: (1) All A are B. (2) No B is C. (3) No A is D. Conclusions: I. All A are C. II. No A is C. III. Some D are not B. IV. Some B are not D. V. No C is D. VI. No D is C. VII. All C are D.
कथन: (1) सभी A, B हैं। (2) कोई B, C नहीं है। (3) कोई A, D नहीं है। निष्कर्ष: I. सभी A, C हैं। II. कोई A, C नहीं है। III. कुछ D, B नहीं हैं। IV. कुछ B, D नहीं हैं। V. कोई C, D नहीं है। VI. कोई D, C नहीं है। VII. सभी C, D हैं।
(A) (A) Only II and III follow
(B) (B) Only III and IV follow
(C) (C) Only II and IV follow
(D) (D) None follows
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: C) (C) Only II and IV followExplanation: Method 1 (100-50 & Negative Combination Shortcut): Step 1: Statement (1) All A (100) are B (50) (+) aur Statement (2) No B (100) is C (100) (-): - Common term 'B' 100 hai, (+) and (-) = (-). Result: 'No A (100) is C (100)' → Conclusion II follows (Conclusion I positive hone ke karan galat hai). Step 2: Statement (1) All A (100) are B (50) (+) aur Statement (3) No A (100) is D (100) (-): - Common term 'A' 100 hai, (+) and (-) = (-). Result: 'Some B (50) are not D (100)' → Conclusion IV follows. - Conclusion III: 'Some D are not B' me B ka expense 100 ho gaya jabki B ki income kewal 50 hai → Does not follow. Step 3: Statement (2) aur (3) dono negative hain, isliye C aur D ke beech koi relation nahi banega (V, VI, VII sabhi galat hain). Atah kewal II aur IV follow karte hain. Correct option (C) Only II and IV follow hai. Method 2 (Income-Expense Rule Check): B ki value kewal 50 hai, isliye D se B ki taraf 100 expense wala Conclusion III galat hai. Kewal II aur IV valid hain. Sahi uttar (C) hai.
Statements: (1) All boys are actors. (2) All hero are zero. (3) No actor is zero. Conclusions: I. All boys are hero. II. Some boys are hero. III. All hero are boys. IV. Some hero are boys. V. No hero is boy. VI. No boy is hero. VII. Some hero are not boys. VIII. Some boys are not hero.
कथन: (1) सभी लड़के अभिनेता हैं। (2) सभी हीरो जीरो हैं। (3) कोई अभिनेता जीरो नहीं है। निष्कर्ष: I. सभी लड़के हीरो हैं। II. कुछ लड़के हीरो हैं। III. सभी हीरो लड़के हैं। IV. कुछ हीरो लड़के हैं। V. कोई हीरो लड़का नहीं है। VI. कोई लड़का हीरो नहीं है। VII. कुछ हीरो लड़के नहीं हैं। VIII. कुछ लड़के हीरो नहीं हैं।
(A) (A) Only I, II, III and IV follow
(B) (B) Only V and VI follow
(C) (C) Only VII and VIII follow
(D) (D) Only V, VI, VII and VIII follow
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: D) (D) Only V, VI, VII and VIII followExplanation: Method 1 (Indirect Negative Chain Shortcut): Step 1: Statements values: (1) All boys (100) are actors (50) (+); (2) All hero (100) are zero (50) (+); (3) No actor (100) is zero (100) (-). - Statement (1) aur (3) ko jodein: Actor common term 100 hai → 'No boy (100) is zero (100)'. - Ab isse Statement (2) ke sath jodein: Zero common term 100 hai → 'No boy (100) is hero (100)' ya 'No hero (100) is boy (100)'. Step 2: Negative conclusion nikalne ke karan sabhi positive conclusions (I, II, III, IV) galat hain. Step 3: 'No hero is boy' se charo negative conclusions valid hote hain: - V. No hero (100) is boy (100) - Follows. - VI. No boy (100) is hero (100) - Follows. - VII. Some hero (50) are not boys (100) - Follows. - VIII. Some boys (50) are not hero (100) - Follows. Atah V, VI, VII aur VIII charo follow karte hain. Correct option (D) Only V, VI, VII and VIII follow hai. Method 2 (Disjoint Set Verification): Boys ⊂ Actors aur Hero ⊂ Zero. Chuki Actors aur Zero poori tarah alag hain, isliye Boys aur Hero bhi poori tarah alag honge. Dono sets disjoint hone par No aur Some-not ke sabhi 4 conclusions satya hote hain. Sahi uttar (D) hai.
Statements: (1) All boys are actors. (2) All zero are hero. (3) No actor is zero. Conclusions: I. No boy is hero. II. Some boys are not hero. III. No hero is boy. IV. Some hero are not boys.
कथन: (1) सभी लड़के अभिनेता हैं। (2) सभी जीरो हीरो हैं। (3) कोई अभिनेता जीरो नहीं है। निष्कर्ष: I. कोई लड़का हीरो नहीं है। II. कुछ लड़के हीरो नहीं हैं। III. कोई हीरो लड़का नहीं है। IV. कुछ हीरो लड़के नहीं हैं।
(A) (A) Only I follows
(B) (B) Only II follows
(C) (C) Only III follows
(D) (D) Only IV follows
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: D) (D) Only IV followsExplanation: Method 1 (100-50 Income & Expenditure Shortcut): Step 1: Statements values: (1) All boys(100) are actors(50) [+]; (2) All zero(100) are hero(50) [+]; (3) No actor(100) is zero(100) [-]. Step 2: Connecting statements: - (1) aur (3) ko jodein: Actor common term 100 hai → 'No boy(100) is zero(100)'. - Ab isse (2) All zero(100) are hero(50) ke sath jodein: Zero common term 100 hai. Connection banta hai: 'Some hero(50) are not boys(100)' [-]. Step 3: Income-Expenditure check karein: - Hero ki income statement (2) me kewal 50 hai. - Conclusion I, II, III me Hero ka expenditure 100 ho jata hai (Does not follow). - Conclusion IV: Some hero(50) are not boys(100) [-] me Hero(50) aur Boys(100) ka expenditure valid hai (Follows). Correct option (D) Only IV follows hai. Method 2 (Venn Diagram Method): Zero poora ka poora Hero ke andar hai, aur Zero ka Actor se koi sambandh nahi hai. Iska arth hai ki Hero ka jo hissa Zero hai, vah kabhi Boys nahi hoga ('Some hero are not boys'). Poore Hero ya Boys ke baare me nishchit nahi kaha ja sakta. Sahi uttar (D) hai.
Statements: (1) All mangoes are grapes. (2) All apples are oranges. (3) No mango is apple. Conclusions: I. All grapes are oranges. II. All oranges are grapes. III. Some oranges are grapes. IV. Some grapes are oranges.
कथन: (1) सभी आम अंगूर हैं। (2) सभी सेब संतरे हैं। (3) कोई आम सेब नहीं है। निष्कर्ष: I. सभी अंगूर संतरे हैं। II. सभी संतरे अंगूर हैं। III. कुछ संतरे अंगूर हैं। IV. कुछ अंगूर संतरे हैं।
(A) (A) Only I follows
(B) (B) Only II follows
(C) (C) Only III follows
(D) (D) None follows
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: D) (D) None followsExplanation: Method 1 (Sign Combination Rule Shortcut): Step 1: Grapes aur Oranges ko jodne ke liye do positive statements (1 aur 2) ke sath ek negative statement (3) ka upayog hota hai. - Niyam: $(+) + (+) + (-) = (-)$ nishkarsh nikalta hai. Step 2: Diye gaye sabhi charo conclusions positive (+) hain. Negative chain se positive conclusion kabhi nikal hi nahi sakta. Atah charo conclusions galat hain. Correct option (D) None follows hai. Method 2 (Direct Inspection Method): Negative premise judne par positive sambandh ka nishchit hona asambhav hai. Atah seedhe None follows hoga. Sahi uttar (D) hai.
Statements: (1) Some dogs are mice. (2) Some mice are cats. Conclusions: I. No dog is cat. II. Some dogs are cats.
कथन: (1) कुछ कुत्ते चूहे हैं। (2) कुछ चूहे बिल्लियाँ हैं। निष्कर्ष: I. कोई कुत्ता बिल्ली नहीं है। II. कुछ कुत्ते बिल्लियाँ हैं।
(A) (A) If only conclusion I follows
(B) (B) If only conclusion II follows
(C) (C) If either I or II follows
(D) (D) If both I and II follow
(E) (E) If neither I nor II follows
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: C) (C) If either I or II followsExplanation: Method 1 (Either-Or Conditions Shortcut): Step 1: Common term 'mice' dono statements me 50 hai (kisi me 100 nahi hai), isliye statements connect nahi honge aur dogs tatha cats ke beech dono conclusions akele me galat (independently false) hain. Step 2: Either-Or ki 3 conditions check karein: 1. Dono conclusions galat hain. 2. Subject (dog) aur Object (cat) dono me samaan hain. 3. Ek conclusion positive ('Some') aur doosra negative ('No') hai (Complementary Pair: Some + No). Teeno conditions poori hoti hain, isliye 'Either I or II follows' banega. Correct option (C) hai. Method 2 (Venn Diagram Method): Dogs aur Cats aapas me jud bhi sakte hain aur alag bhi reh sakte hain. Yadi ek satya hoga toh doosra asatya hoga. Atah ya toh I ya II sahi hai. Sahi uttar (C) hai.
Statements: (1) Some dogs are mice. (2) Some mice are cats. Conclusions: I. Some dogs are not cats. II. All dogs are cats.
कथन: (1) कुछ कुत्ते चूहे हैं। (2) कुछ चूहे बिल्लियाँ हैं। निष्कर्ष: I. कुछ कुत्ते बिल्लियाँ नहीं हैं। II. सभी कुत्ते बिल्लियाँ हैं।
(A) (A) If only conclusion I follows
(B) (B) If only conclusion II follows
(C) (C) If either I or II follows
(D) (D) If both I and II follow
(E) (E) If neither I nor II follows
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: C) (C) If either I or II followsExplanation: Method 1 (Either-Or Complementary Pair (All + Some Not) Shortcut): Step 1: 'Dogs' aur 'Cats' ke beech koi direct connection nahi banta, isliye dono conclusions akele me asatya hain. Step 2: Check complementary pair rules: 1. Dono conclusions independently false hain. 2. Subject (dogs) aur Object (cats) dono me samaan hain. 3. Ek 'All' (positive) aur doosra 'Some not' (negative) hai. Yeh standard complementary pair banata hai, atah 'Either I or II follows' valid hai. Correct option (C) hai. Method 2 (Logic Complement Method): 'All' ka theek viprit 'Some not' hota hai. Dono me se kisi ek ka satya hona anivarya hai. Isliye Either-Or case lagu hota hai. Sahi uttar (C) hai.
Statements: (1) Some mangoes are apples. (2) Some mangoes are oranges. Conclusions: I. Some apples are oranges. II. No orange is apple.
कथन: (1) कुछ आम सेब हैं। (2) कुछ आम संतरे हैं। निष्कर्ष: I. कुछ सेब संतरे हैं। II. कोई संतरा सेब नहीं है।
(A) (A) If only conclusion I follows
(B) (B) If only conclusion II follows
(C) (C) If either I or II follows
(D) (D) If both I and II follow
(E) (E) If neither I nor II follows
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: C) (C) If either I or II followsExplanation: Method 1 (Cross Subject-Object Interchange Shortcut): Step 1: Common term 'mangoes' dono me 50 hai, isliye apples aur oranges ke beech dono nishkarsh akele me galat hain. Step 2: Elements check karein: - Conclusion I me: apples (50), oranges (50) → 'Some apples are oranges' = 'Some oranges are apples'. - Conclusion II me: orange (100), apple (100) → 'No orange is apple' = 'No apple is orange'. - Subject aur Object ko aapas me badal kar same banaya ja sakta hai. Step 3: Ek positive (Some) aur ek negative (No) hai. Atah Either-Or case lagu hota hai. Correct option (C) If either I or II follows hai. Method 2 (Venn Diagram Method): Apples aur Oranges ke beech koi direct shart nahi hai, isliye ya toh unke beech kuch hissa common hoga ya koi bhi nahi hoga. Either I or II follows. Sahi uttar (C) hai.