General Studies: Economy Inflation Mock Test – Free Online Practice

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Practice Questions (30 of 45)

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1. What does 'Stagflation' mean?
   'स्टैगफ्लेशन' (Stagflation) का क्या अर्थ है?
   (A) High inflation with low economic growth and high unemployment

   (B) Low inflation with high economic growth

   (C) Recession only with falling price levels

   (D) Hyperinflation with rapid employment growth
   ✅ Answer & Explanation

   Sahi jawab: A) High inflation with low economic growth and high unemployment

   Explanation: Stagflation is a situation of high inflation combined with high unemployment and stagnant economic growth. / यह उच्च मुद्रास्फीति, आर्थिक ठहराव और उच्च बेरोजगारी की एक असामान्य स्थिति है।
2. Which index is used by the RBI to measure headline inflation for monetary policy decisions in India?
   भारत में मौद्रिक नीति निर्धारण हेतु हेडलाइन मुद्रास्फीति मापने के लिए RBI किस सूचकांक का उपयोग करता है?
   (A) Wholesale Price Index (WPI)

   (B) Consumer Price Index - Combined (CPI-C)

   (C) GDP Deflator

   (D) Index of Industrial Production (IIP)
   ✅ Answer & Explanation

   Sahi jawab: B) Consumer Price Index - Combined (CPI-C)

   Explanation: Following the Urjit Patel Committee recommendations, the RBI adopted the CPI-Combined as its key anchor for inflation targeting. / आरबीआई खुदरा स्तर पर मुद्रास्फीति को नियंत्रित करने के लिए CPI-Combined को प्राथमिक पैमाना मानता है।
3. What does 'Inflation' fundamentally represent in an economy?
   अर्थव्यवस्था में 'मुद्रास्फीति' (Inflation) मूल रूप से क्या दर्शाती है?
   (A) A persistent fall in the general price level

   (B) A sustained rise in the general price level and a fall in purchasing power

   (C) A permanent freeze in the market prices of all goods

   (D) A complete cessation of the circulation of money
   ✅ Answer & Explanation

   Sahi jawab: B) A sustained rise in the general price level and a fall in purchasing power

   Explanation: Inflation represents a continuous and broad-based increase in the price of goods and services, which erodes the purchasing power of money. / मुद्रास्फीति का अर्थ है वस्तुओं और सेवाओं की सामान्य कीमतों में निरंतर वृद्धि और मुद्रा की क्रय शक्ति में कमी।
4. What is meant by the economic concept of 'Tax Incidence'?
   अर्थशास्त्र में 'कर आपात' (Tax Incidence) का क्या तात्पर्य है?
   (A) The total annual tax revenue collected by the government

   (B) The final economic resting point or burden of a tax

   (C) The illegal evasion of taxes by high-income earners

   (D) The administrative cost incurred in collecting taxes
   ✅ Answer & Explanation

   Sahi jawab: B) The final economic resting point or burden of a tax

   Explanation: Tax incidence identifies the entity that ultimately bears the economic cost of a tax, distinguishing statutory liability from real financial burden. / कर आपात यह दर्शाता है कि कर का अंतिम मौद्रिक बोझ किस पक्ष पर पड़ता है (जैसे जीएसटी का बोझ अंततः उपभोक्ता वहन करता है)।
5. What is the 'Tobin Tax' primarily designed to discourage in global finance?
   'टोबिन टैक्स' (Tobin Tax) मुख्य रूप से किसे हतोत्साहित करने के लिए तैयार किया गया है?
   (A) Long-term foreign direct investments

   (B) Short-term speculative cross-border currency transactions

   (C) Domestic retail trading in gold and silver

   (D) Exports of manufactured agricultural products
   ✅ Answer & Explanation

   Sahi jawab: B) Short-term speculative cross-border currency transactions

   Explanation: Proposed by James Tobin, it imposes a small levy on foreign exchange conversions to penalize volatile short-term currency speculation and stabilize exchange rates. / यह विदेशी मुद्रा बाजार में अस्थिरता और अल्पकालिक मुद्रा सट्टेबाजी को नियंत्रित करने के लिए लगाया जाने वाला एक कर है।
6. What does the 'Matthew Effect' describe in the context of economic inequality?
   आर्थिक असमानता के संदर्भ में 'मैथ्यू प्रभाव' (Matthew Effect) क्या वर्णन करता है?
   (A) The rich tend to get richer while the poor get poorer due to cumulative advantage

   (B) The automatic and equal distribution of wealth across all income deciles

   (C) The eradication of absolute poverty through industrial growth

   (D) The complete elimination of socioeconomic barriers through taxation
   ✅ Answer & Explanation

   Sahi jawab: A) The rich tend to get richer while the poor get poorer due to cumulative advantage

   Explanation: Named after the Gospel of Matthew, it explains how initial economic privilege compounds over time to widen disparities between rich and poor. / यह उस सामाजिक-आर्थिक स्थिति को दर्शाता है जहाँ शुरुआती संसाधनों और विशेषाधिकारों के कारण अमीर और अमीर तथा वंचित और गरीब होते चले जाते हैं।
7. What is a 'Pigovian Tax' primarily designed to internalize?
   'पिगोवियन टैक्स' (Pigovian Tax) मुख्य रूप से किसे आंतरिक बनाने के लिए लगाया जाता है?
   (A) Corporate net profit margins

   (B) Negative externalities generated by market activities

   (C) International trade tariffs and duties

   (D) Subsidies on essential public goods
   ✅ Answer & Explanation

   Sahi jawab: B) Negative externalities generated by market activities

   Explanation: A Pigovian tax is placed on market transactions that generate negative side-effects (like pollution), aligning private costs with true social costs. / यह प्रदूषण या अन्य सामाजिक नुकसान पहुंचाने वाली आर्थिक गतिविधियों पर लगाया जाता है ताकि उत्पादक अपनी गतिविधियों की सामाजिक लागत स्वयं वहन करें।
8. What does the term 'Inflationary Gap' signify in macroeconomic theory?
   समष्टि अर्थशास्त्र में 'मुद्रास्फीति अंतराल' (Inflationary Gap) क्या दर्शाता है?
   (A) A decline in consumer prices due to excess supply

   (B) The excess of aggregate demand over aggregate supply at full employment

   (C) The difference between the highest and lowest tax brackets

   (D) The gap between fiscal deficit and monetary base targets
   ✅ Answer & Explanation

   Sahi jawab: B) The excess of aggregate demand over aggregate supply at full employment

   Explanation: An inflationary gap occurs when aggregate spending exceeds potential national output at full employment, driving up general price levels. / जब पूर्ण रोजगार के स्तर पर अर्थव्यवस्था की उत्पादन क्षमता की तुलना में कुल मांग अधिक हो जाती है, तो कीमतों पर ऊपर की ओर दबाव बनता है।
9. What is 'Bracket Creep' in progressive taxation?
   प्रगतिशील कराधान में 'ब्रैकेट क्रीप' (Bracket Creep) क्या है?
   (A) A decrease in statutory tax rates during economic growth

   (B) Inflation pushing taxpayers into higher tax slabs without an increase in real income

   (C) The automatic indexing of tax exemptions to the consumer price index

   (D) A sudden decline in national tax compliance
   ✅ Answer & Explanation

   Sahi jawab: B) Inflation pushing taxpayers into higher tax slabs without an increase in real income

   Explanation: Bracket creep occurs when nominal wages increase due to inflation, pushing earners into higher marginal tax brackets even though their real purchasing power remains unchanged. / महंगाई के कारण केवल कागजी आय बढ़ती है और करदाता बिना किसी वास्तविक आय वृद्धि के उच्च कर स्लैब में चले जाते हैं।
10. What is an 'Inverted Duty Structure' in customs and indirect taxation?
    सीमा शुल्क और अप्रत्यक्ष कराधान में 'उल्टा शुल्क ढांचा' (Inverted Duty Structure) क्या है?
    (A) A tax structure where all luxury goods are completely exempt from taxation

    (B) A tax structure where raw materials and inputs are taxed at a higher rate than finished goods

    (C) A uniform flat tariff applied to all imports and exports equally

    (D) A tax structure that exempts intermediate goods while taxing local assembly
    ✅ Answer & Explanation

    Sahi jawab: B) A tax structure where raw materials and inputs are taxed at a higher rate than finished goods

    Explanation: An inverted duty structure makes domestic manufacturing uncompetitive by taxing input raw materials more heavily than imported finished goods. / जब कच्चे माल और कलपुर्जों पर तैयार माल की तुलना में अधिक टैक्स लगाया जाता है, तो इससे घरेलू विनिर्माण को नुकसान पहुँचता है।
11. What relationship does the 'Laffer Curve' describe in public finance?
    'लाफर वक्र' (Laffer Curve) सार्वजनिक वित्त में किस संबंध को दर्शाता है?
    (A) The relationship between sovereign debt and foreign exchange reserves

    (B) The relationship between tax rates and total tax revenues collected

    (C) The inverse link between inflation and unemployment

    (D) The correlation between interest rates and private investment
    ✅ Answer & Explanation

    Sahi jawab: B) The relationship between tax rates and total tax revenues collected

    Explanation: The Laffer Curve hypothesizes that beyond an optimal tax rate, higher tax rates reduce economic activity and compliance, causing total tax revenue to fall. / यह दर्शाता है कि कर की दर को एक सीमा से अधिक बढ़ाने पर लोग कर से बचने लगते हैं या काम कम करते हैं, जिससे सरकार का कुल राजस्व घटने लगता है।
12. How is 'Disinflation' defined in macroeconomics?
    समष्टि अर्थशास्त्र में 'डिसइन्फ्लेशन' (Disinflation) को कैसे परिभाषित किया जाता है?
    (A) An absolute decline in general price levels across the entire economy

    (B) A temporary slowdown in the rate of inflation while prices still rise

    (C) A prolonged period of negative interest rates

    (D) A sharp acceleration of consumer price index numbers
    ✅ Answer & Explanation

    Sahi jawab: B) A temporary slowdown in the rate of inflation while prices still rise

    Explanation: Disinflation is a reduction in the inflation rate (e.g., inflation falling from 6% to 4%); prices are still rising, but at a slower pace, unlike deflation where prices fall. / यह मुद्रास्फीति की दर में धीमी गति या गिरावट की स्थिति है; कीमतें बढ़ती तो हैं लेकिन उनकी वृद्धि की रफ्तार कम हो जाती है।
13. What is 'Galloping Inflation'?
    'गैलपिंग मुद्रास्फीति' (Galloping Inflation) क्या है?
    (A) A mild, single-digit annual increase in prices of 2% to 3%

    (B) Rapid double- or triple-digit annual inflation ranging from 20% to several hundred percent

    (C) A situation where price growth is exactly zero over consecutive quarters

    (D) A drop in consumer prices triggered by agricultural overproduction
    ✅ Answer & Explanation

    Sahi jawab: B) Rapid double- or triple-digit annual inflation ranging from 20% to several hundred percent

    Explanation: Galloping inflation refers to very rapid price rises in the double or triple digits annually, disrupting normal economic contracts and planning. / जब मुद्रास्फीति की दर अत्यधिक तीव्र होकर दोहरे या तिहरे अंकों (20% से कई सौ प्रतिशत प्रति वर्ष) तक पहुँच जाती है।
14. Which of the following levies is NOT subsumed under the Goods and Services Tax (GST) in India?
    निम्नलिखित में से कौन सा कर भारत में वस्तु एवं सेवा कर (GST) के तहत शामिल नहीं किया गया है?
    (A) Central Excise Duty

    (B) Service Tax

    (C) Basic Customs Duty

    (D) State Value Added Tax (VAT)
    ✅ Answer & Explanation

    Sahi jawab: C) Basic Customs Duty

    Explanation: Basic Customs Duty (BCD) on imported goods is preserved outside the GST framework and continues to be levied under the Customs Act. / आयातित वस्तुओं पर लगने वाला मूल सीमा शुल्क (Basic Customs Duty) जीएसटी के तहत समाहित नहीं किया गया है।
15. What characterizes a 'Deflationary Gap' in an economy?
    अर्थव्यवस्था में 'अपस्फीतिकारी अंतराल' (Deflationary Gap) की क्या विशेषता है?
    (A) An excess of consumer demand over potential output

    (B) A shortfall of aggregate demand relative to full-employment output

    (C) An uncontrolled surge in foreign exchange reserves

    (D) An increase in production beyond maximum plant capacity
    ✅ Answer & Explanation

    Sahi jawab: B) A shortfall of aggregate demand relative to full-employment output

    Explanation: A deflationary gap occurs when aggregate demand falls short of what is required to achieve full-employment equilibrium, creating deflationary pressure and unemployment. / जब कुल मांग पूर्ण रोजगार उत्पादन के स्तर से कम हो जाती है, तो अर्थव्यवस्था में मंदी और उत्पादन में गिरावट की स्थिति बनती है।
16. What does 'Headline Inflation' measure?
    'हेडलाइन मुद्रास्फीति' (Headline Inflation) क्या मापती है?
    (A) Inflation calculated exclusively for manufactured industrial goods

    (B) Total broad-based inflation including volatile food and energy components

    (C) Inflation calculated solely for urban commercial real estate

    (D) Price changes restricted strictly to services
    ✅ Answer & Explanation

    Sahi jawab: B) Total broad-based inflation including volatile food and energy components

    Explanation: Headline inflation is the raw composite inflation figure based on the full CPI basket, including volatile commodity groups like vegetables, cereals, and fuel. / यह संपूर्ण उपभोक्ता मूल्य सूचकांक बास्केट पर आधारित कुल महंगाई दर होती है जिसमें खाद्य और ईंधन जैसी अस्थिर वस्तुएं भी शामिल होती हैं।
17. What is a 'Tariff' in the context of international trade?
    अंतर्राष्ट्रीय व्यापार के संदर्भ में 'टैरिफ' (Tariff) क्या है?
    (A) A subsidy granted to exporters to boost overseas sales

    (B) A tax or customs duty levied on imported goods entering a country

    (C) A licensing fee applied to oceanic shipping vessels

    (D) An insurance fee against exchange rate depreciation
    ✅ Answer & Explanation

    Sahi jawab: B) A tax or customs duty levied on imported goods entering a country

    Explanation: A tariff is an import tax designed to raise state revenue and protect domestic producers by making imported foreign goods more expensive. / टैरिफ घरेलू उद्योगों की सुरक्षा और राजस्व प्राप्ति के लिए आयातित विदेशी वस्तुओं पर लगाया जाने वाला सीमा शुल्क है।
18. What relationship is depicted by the traditional 'Phillips Curve'?
    पारंपरिक 'फिलिप्स वक्र' (Phillips Curve) किसके बीच के संबंध को दर्शाता है?
    (A) Economic output and income distribution

    (B) An inverse relationship between inflation and unemployment

    (C) Direct correlation between tax revenues and fiscal deficits

    (D) Interest rate variations against sovereign bond yields
    ✅ Answer & Explanation

    Sahi jawab: B) An inverse relationship between inflation and unemployment

    Explanation: The short-run Phillips Curve suggests that lower unemployment is accompanied by higher wage and price inflation in an economy. / यह अल्पकाल में मुद्रास्फीति और बेरोजगारी के बीच विपरीत संबंध को दर्शाता है; बेरोजगारी कम होने पर मुद्रास्फीति बढ़ती है।
19. Which consumer segments are tracked by the 'CPI-Combined' index published by NSO?
    NSO द्वारा प्रकाशित 'CPI-Combined' सूचकांक द्वारा किन उपभोक्ता वर्गों को ट्रैक किया जाता है?
    (A) Rural consumers exclusively

    (B) Urban organized-sector workers exclusively

    (C) Both rural and urban households nationwide

    (D) Wholesale traders and bulk manufacturers only
    ✅ Answer & Explanation

    Sahi jawab: C) Both rural and urban households nationwide

    Explanation: CPI-Combined pools price data from rural and urban markets across all Indian states and Union Territories to provide a unified nationwide retail inflation gauge. / यह पूरे भारत के ग्रामीण और शहरी दोनों क्षेत्रों के खुदरा मूल्य परिवर्तनों को मिलाकर तैयार किया जाने वाला राष्ट्रीय सूचकांक है।
20. How is an 'Ad Valorem Tax' levied on commodities or transactions?
    'एड वैलोरम कर' (Ad Valorem Tax) वस्तुओं या लेन-देन पर किस आधार पर लगाया जाता है?
    (A) As a fixed monetary fee per unit of physical weight or volume

    (B) As a fixed percentage of the monetary value of the good or transaction

    (C) Based on the physical distance over which goods are transported

    (D) According to the number of manufacturing stages involved
    ✅ Answer & Explanation

    Sahi jawab: B) As a fixed percentage of the monetary value of the good or transaction

    Explanation: Ad valorem taxes (such as GST or stamp duties) are assessed in proportion to the estimated value of the underlying product or service rather than its physical quantity. / यह कर किसी वस्तु या सेवा के कुल मौद्रिक मूल्य के एक निश्चित प्रतिशत के रूप में वसूला जाता है।
21. Which index is historically published by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry to measure wholesale price changes in India?
    भारत में थोक स्तर पर मूल्य परिवर्तनों को मापने के लिए वाणिज्य और उद्योग मंत्रालय द्वारा कौन सा सूचकांक जारी किया जाता है?
    (A) Consumer Price Index (CPI)

    (B) Wholesale Price Index (WPI)

    (C) Index of Industrial Production (IIP)

    (D) National Real Estate Index (RESIDEX)
    ✅ Answer & Explanation

    Sahi jawab: B) Wholesale Price Index (WPI)

    Explanation: The Wholesale Price Index (WPI) measures the prices of goods traded at the wholesale level and does not account for services. / WPI थोक स्तर पर व्यापारिक वस्तुओं के मूल्य परिवर्तनों को ट्रैक करता है, जिसमें सेवाओं को शामिल नहीं किया जाता है।
22. On what economic base is 'Corporate Income Tax' assessed?
    'कॉर्पोरेट आयकर' (Corporate Tax) किस आर्थिक आधार पर लगाया जाता है?
    (A) Gross sales turnover without deducting business expenses

    (B) Net taxable profit earned by registered domestic and foreign corporations

    (C) Total capital assets held on the balance sheet

    (D) Total payroll expenditure incurred on staff
    ✅ Answer & Explanation

    Sahi jawab: B) Net taxable profit earned by registered domestic and foreign corporations

    Explanation: Corporate tax is a direct tax levied on the net taxable income or profits generated by corporations during an accounting year. / यह पंजीकृत कंपनियों द्वारा अपने सभी अनुमेय खर्च घटाने के बाद अर्जित शुद्ध लाभ (Net Profit) पर लगने वाला प्रत्यक्ष कर है।
23. How is 'Core Inflation' derived from headline inflation figures?
    हेडलाइन मुद्रास्फीति से 'कोर मुद्रास्फीति' (Core Inflation) कैसे प्राप्त की जाती है?
    (A) By removing services from the price basket

    (B) By excluding volatile food and fuel/energy groups from the overall CPI index

    (C) By tracking only raw material prices

    (D) By adjusting price growth against the fiscal deficit
    ✅ Answer & Explanation

    Sahi jawab: B) By excluding volatile food and fuel/energy groups from the overall CPI index

    Explanation: Core inflation excludes temporary price shocks stemming from volatile food and fuel categories, reflecting underlying structural price pressures. / यह हेडलाइन CPI में से मौसमी उतार-चढ़ाव वाले खाद्य और ईंधन मदों को हटाकर दीर्घकालिक मुद्रास्फीति के रुझान को स्पष्ट करता है।
24. What does the acronym 'GST' officially stand for in Indian tax administration?
    भारतीय कर प्रणाली में संक्षिप्त नाम 'GST' का आधिकारिक पूर्ण रूप क्या है?
    (A) General Sales Tax

    (B) Goods and Services Tax

    (C) Global Shipping Tariff

    (D) Government Statutory Tariff
    ✅ Answer & Explanation

    Sahi jawab: B) Goods and Services Tax

    Explanation: Introduced via the 101st Constitutional Amendment Act, GST represents the Goods and Services Tax. / 1 जुलाई 2017 से लागू एकीकृत अप्रत्यक्ष कर व्यवस्था का नाम वस्तु एवं सेवा कर (Goods and Services Tax) है।
25. What is a 'Tariff War' between trading nations?
    व्यापारिक राष्ट्रों के बीच 'टैरिफ वॉर' (Tariff War) क्या है?
    (A) Military conflict over shipping channels

    (B) A retaliatory cycle where countries repeatedly raise import duties on each other's goods

    (C) An agreement to dismantle all import and export duties mutually

    (D) The complete conversion to a common currency
    ✅ Answer & Explanation

    Sahi jawab: B) A retaliatory cycle where countries repeatedly raise import duties on each other's goods

    Explanation: A tariff war involves tit-for-tat retaliatory tariff increases between countries, restricting market access and disrupting global supply chains. / जब दो या अधिक देश एक-दूसरे के सामानों पर जवाबी कार्रवाई के रूप में आयात शुल्क बढ़ाते चले जाते हैं।
26. What is a 'Lump-Sum Tax' in fiscal economics?
    राजकोषीय अर्थशास्त्र में 'एकमुश्त कर' (Lump-Sum Tax) क्या है?
    (A) A tax calculated as a dynamic percentage of consumer expenditure

    (B) A fixed-amount tax that remains constant regardless of the taxpayer's income or actions

    (C) An optional contribution to local public libraries

    (D) A tax applied exclusively to imported gold bars
    ✅ Answer & Explanation

    Sahi jawab: B) A fixed-amount tax that remains constant regardless of the taxpayer's income or actions

    Explanation: A lump-sum tax imposes a fixed liability regardless of economic choices, generating no distortion in relative prices or substitution decisions. / यह एक निश्चित राशि का कर होता है जो करदाता की आय, उपभोग या उत्पादन के स्तर से पूरी तरह स्वतंत्र रहता है।
27. Which of the following is categorized as a 'Direct Tax' in India?
    निम्नलिखित में से किसे भारत में 'प्रत्यक्ष कर' (Direct Tax) के रूप में वर्गीकृत किया गया है?
    (A) Goods and Services Tax

    (B) Personal Income Tax

    (C) Central Customs Tariff

    (D) State Excise Duty
    ✅ Answer & Explanation

    Sahi jawab: B) Personal Income Tax

    Explanation: Personal Income Tax is a direct tax because the statutory liability to pay and the real economic incidence rest on the same person and cannot be shifted. / आयकर प्रत्यक्ष कर है क्योंकि इसका भुगतान सीधे उसी व्यक्ति या संस्था द्वारा किया जाता है जिस पर यह अधिरोपित होता है।
28. What triggers a 'Demand-Pull Inflation' in an economy?
    अर्थव्यवस्था में 'मांग-जनित मुद्रास्फीति' (Demand-Pull Inflation) का क्या कारण होता है?
    (A) An unexpected spike in raw material supply costs

    (B) Aggregate demand growing significantly faster than aggregate productive capacity

    (C) A sharp deflation in consumer credit volumes

    (D) An oversupply of manufactured inventory in warehouses
    ✅ Answer & Explanation

    Sahi jawab: B) Aggregate demand growing significantly faster than aggregate productive capacity

    Explanation: Often described as 'too much money chasing too few goods', demand-pull inflation occurs when excessive consumer, corporate, or state spending outstrips national supply. / जब अर्थव्यवस्था में कुल मांग उत्पादन क्षमता से अधिक हो जाती है, तो बढ़ती मांग कीमतों को ऊपर खींचती है।
29. On what economic gain is 'Capital Gains Tax' levied in India?
    भारत में 'पूंजीगत लाभ कर' (Capital Gains Tax) किस प्रकार के लाभ पर लगाया जाता है?
    (A) Monthly contractual employment salaries

    (B) Profits realized from the transfer or sale of capital assets like real estate, equities, and bonds

    (C) Interest earned on basic savings bank accounts

    (D) Cash gifts received from immediate family members
    ✅ Answer & Explanation

    Sahi jawab: B) Profits realized from the transfer or sale of capital assets like real estate, equities, and bonds

    Explanation: Capital gains tax applies to the difference between the acquisition cost and sale price when capital assets (stocks, property, gold) are sold at a profit. / किसी पूंजीगत संपत्ति (शेयर, जमीन, मकान) को उसके खरीद मूल्य से अधिक दाम पर बेचने पर होने वाले शुद्ध मुनाफे पर यह कर लगता है।
30. What does the metric 'Tax Buoyancy' measure?
    'टैक्स बॉयन्सी' (Tax Buoyancy) क्या मापती है?
    (A) The volatility of international customs duties

    (B) The responsiveness of tax revenue growth to changes in national GDP without adjustments for rate changes

    (C) The percentage of annual tax returns filed after due dates

    (D) The volume of sovereign debt issued through green bonds
    ✅ Answer & Explanation

    Sahi jawab: B) The responsiveness of tax revenue growth to changes in national GDP without adjustments for rate changes

    Explanation: Tax buoyancy indicates the percentage growth in tax collections relative to GDP expansion, reflecting both economic growth and tax policy modifications. / यह दर्शाता है कि सकल घरेलू उत्पाद (GDP) में वृद्धि के अनुपात में सरकार के कुल कर राजस्व में कितनी बढ़ोतरी हो रही है।

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