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The 'Universal Law of Gravitation' was given by:
'गुरुत्वाकर्षण का सार्वत्रिक नियम' किसके द्वारा दिया गया था?
(A) Galileo
(B) Kepler
(C) Newton (न्यूटन)
(D) Copernicus
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: C) Newton (न्यूटन)Explanation: Universal Law of Gravitation Sir Isaac Newton ne 1687 me diya tha, jiske mutabiq universe ka har mass dusre mass ko attract karta hai.
What is the 'Escape Velocity' from the Moon's surface?
चंद्रमा की सतह से 'पलायन वेग' क्या है?
(A) 2.38 km/s
(B) 11.2 km/s
(C) 5.0 km/s
(D) 1.6 km/s
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: A) 2.38 km/sExplanation: Moon par gravitational pull kam hone ke karan escape velocity lagbhag 2.38 km/s hoti hai, jo Earth ki escape velocity (11.2 km/s) se kaafi kam hai.
According to Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation, the gravitational force of attraction acts between any two masses in the universe along which geometric path?
न्यूटन के गुरुत्वाकर्षण के सार्वभौमिक नियम के अनुसार, दो द्रव्यमानों के बीच गुरुत्वाकर्षण बल किस मार्ग के अनुदिश कार्य करता है?
(A) Along a curved trajectory determined by the smaller mass
(B) Strictly horizontal to the surface plane
(C) Symmetrically opposite to the rotation axis
(D) Along the line joining the centers of the two objects
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: D) Along the line joining the centers of the two objectsExplanation: Newtonian gravity ek central force hai, iska matlab do bodies ke beech lagne wala gravitational force hamesha unke centers ko jodne wali seedhi line ke along lagta hai.
Object A attracts Object B with a gravitational force F. According to Newton's third law of motion, with what force does Object B simultaneously attract Object A?
वस्तु A, वस्तु B को गुरुत्वाकर्षण बल F से आकर्षित करती है। न्यूटन के तीसरे नियम के अनुसार, वस्तु B उसी क्षण वस्तु A को कितने बल से आकर्षित करती है?
(A) With a force proportional to the surface area of B
(B) With an equal and opposite force F
(C) With a significantly smaller force because A is larger
(D) With zero force as only the larger mass pulls
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: B) With an equal and opposite force FExplanation: Newton's third law ke hisab se action aur reaction hamesha equal aur opposite hote hain. Isliye Object B bhi Object A par theek barabar magnitude ka force (F) opposite direction me lagayega.
What is the correct derived SI unit for the Universal Gravitational Constant (G)?
सार्वभौमिक गुरुत्वाकर्षण नियतांक (G) के लिए सही व्युत्पन्न एसआई (SI) मात्रक क्या है?
(A) N m kg^-1
(B) N m^2 kg^-2
(C) N m^-2 kg^2
(D) m s^-2
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: B) N m^2 kg^-2Explanation: Formula F = G * m1 * m2 / d^2 se G = F * d^2 / (m1 * m2) banta hai, jiska unit Newton * meter^2 / kg^2 yaani N m^2 kg^-2 nikal kar aata hai.
Why do we not visibly feel or observe the gravitational force of attraction between ordinary everyday objects like two people sitting in a room?
हम किसी कमरे में बैठे दो व्यक्तियों के बीच गुरुत्वाकर्षण बल को प्रत्यक्ष रूप से क्यों महसूस नहीं कर पाते हैं?
(A) Because ordinary objects do not contain mass
(B) Because the force exists only in the presence of fluids
(C) Because the value of G is extremely small, making the force negligible for small masses
(D) Because atmospheric pressure cancels out the gravitation field
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: C) Because the value of G is extremely small, making the force negligible for small massesExplanation: Universal constant G ka value bohot chhota (6.67 x 10^-11 N m^2/kg^2) hota hai. Normal masses ke liye calculated gravitational force itna kam hota hai ki friction ke aage pata hi nahi chalta.
According to the Inverse Square Law of gravitation, if the distance 'd' between two masses is doubled, the force becomes:
यदि दो द्रव्यमानों के बीच की दूरी 'd' को दोगुना कर दिया जाए, तो गुरुत्वाकर्षण बल कितना हो जाएगा?
(A) Doubled (2F)
(B) Four times (4F)
(C) One-fourth (F/4)
(D) Remains completely unchanged
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: C) One-fourth (F/4)Explanation: Gravitational force distance ke square ke inversely proportional (F proportional to 1/d^2) hota hai. Doori double (2d) karne par force (1/2^2) yaani 1/4th (F/4) reh jata hai.
What happens to the gravitational force between two masses if the distance between their centers is reduced to exactly half?
यदि दो द्रव्यमानों के बीच की दूरी को घटाकर आधा कर दिया जाए, तो उनके बीच गुरुत्वाकर्षण बल पर क्या प्रभाव पड़ेगा?
(A) It increases to four times (4F)
(B) It decreases to half (F/2)
(C) It decreases to one-fourth (F/4)
(D) It remains absolutely the same
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: A) It increases to four times (4F)Explanation: Doori aadhi (d/2) karne par denominator me (1/2)^2 = 1/4 aayega, jisse force 4 guna badhkar 4F ho jata hai.
What is the primary role of the centripetal force in maintaining the orbit of the Moon around the Earth?
पृथ्वी के चारों ओर चंद्रमा की कक्षा में अभिकेंद्र बल (Centripetal Force) का मुख्य कार्य क्या है?
(A) It increases the mass of the Moon continuously
(B) It pushes the Moon into outer space away from Earth
(C) It continuously changes the direction of motion of the Moon, keeping it in a circular path
(D) It slows down the rotation of the Earth's axis
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: C) It continuously changes the direction of motion of the Moon, keeping it in a circular pathExplanation: Moon ki speed almost constant rehti hai par circular orbit me har second direction badalni padti hai. Direction continuously modne ke liye centripetal force zaroori hota hai.
In the case of the Moon revolving around the Earth, which actual physical force provides the required centripetal force?
पृथ्वी के चक्कर लगाने वाले चंद्रमा के मामले में, कौन सा वास्तविक बल आवश्यक अभिकेंद्र बल प्रदान करता है?
(A) Magnetic repulsion of the polar grids
(B) Atmospheric friction of free space
(C) The gravitational force of attraction between the Earth and the Moon
(D) Electrostatic force of ionized particles
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: C) The gravitational force of attraction between the Earth and the MoonExplanation: Centripetal force koi alag force nahi hota; yahan Earth aur Moon ke beech ka mutual gravitational pull hi centripetal force provide karta hai.
If the gravitational force between the Earth and the Moon suddenly vanished into zero, how would the Moon theoretically move?
यदि पृथ्वी और चंद्रमा के बीच का गुरुत्वाकर्षण बल अचानक शून्य हो जाए, तो चंद्रमा सैद्धांतिक रूप से कैसे गति करेगा?
(A) It would fall straight to the center of the Earth
(B) It would fly off along a straight line tangent to its circular orbit
(C) It would stop moving instantly and stay frozen
(D) It would start moving in a smaller spiral counter-clockwise
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: B) It would fly off along a straight line tangent to its circular orbitExplanation: Inertia ke niyam ke hisab se centripetal force hat-te hi Moon orbit ke us specific point par tangent ke along bilkul seedhi line me space me nikal jayega.
Why is the acceleration of the Earth toward the Moon imperceptible even though both exert equal gravitational force on each other?
चंद्रमा द्वारा लगाए गए समान बल के बावजूद पृथ्वी का चंद्रमा की ओर त्वरण नगण्य क्यों होता है?
(A) Because the Moon does not exert any force on the Earth
(B) Because Earth is protected by its magnetic field
(C) Because the velocity of Earth is absolute in vacuum
(D) Because the mass of the Earth is extremely large compared to the Moon (a = F/M)
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: D) Because the mass of the Earth is extremely large compared to the Moon (a = F/M)Explanation: Force dono par same lagta hai, par acceleration a = F/m hota hai. Earth ka mass Moon se lagbhag 81 guna zyada hai, isliye Earth ka acceleration itna kam hota hai ki detect nahi hota.
What is the scientific distinction between the 'Mass' of an object and its 'Weight'?
किसी वस्तु के 'द्रव्यमान' (Mass) और उसके 'भार' (Weight) के बीच वैज्ञानिक अंतर क्या है?
(A) Mass changes with location, Weight remains constant
(B) Mass is the quantity of matter and stays constant everywhere, while Weight is the gravitational force acting on it (W = mg)
(C) Both are vector quantities measuring coordinates
(D) Mass is measured in Newtons and Weight in Kilograms
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: B) Mass is the quantity of matter and stays constant everywhere, while Weight is the gravitational force acting on it (W = mg)Explanation: Mass matter ka inherent amount hai jo universe me kabhi nahi badalta (scalar, kg). Weight wo gravitational pull hai (W = mg) jo g ki value ke hisab se badalta rehta hai (vector, N).
Where is the acceleration due to gravity (g) maximum and minimum on the surface of the Earth?
पृथ्वी की सतह पर गुरुत्वीय त्वरण (g) का मान कहाँ अधिकतम और कहाँ न्यूनतम होता है?
(A) Maximum at the equator, minimum at the poles
(B) Zero everywhere on the surface plane
(C) Maximum at the poles and minimum at the equator
(D) Depends strictly on ocean tides
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: C) Maximum at the poles and minimum at the equatorExplanation: Earth poles par thodi chapti (flattened) hai, isliye poles par center se distance (radius) kam hone ki wajah se g maximum hota hai aur equator par radius badi hone se g minimum hota hai.
If a trader buys gold by weight at the Earth's poles and sells it at the equator using a spring balance, what will be the result?
यदि कोई व्यापारी ध्रुवों पर स्प्रिंग बैलेंस से तौलकर सोना खरीदे और भूमध्य रेखा पर बेचे, तो उसे क्या परिणाम मिलेगा?
(A) He will gain a huge profit
(B) He will experience a loss because the measured weight decreases at the equator
(C) There will be no change since mass is absolute
(D) The spring balance will not function
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: B) He will experience a loss because the measured weight decreases at the equatorExplanation: Spring balance mass nahi balki weight (mg) measure karta hai. Equator par g ki value kam hone ki wajah se gold ka measured weight kam aayega aur trader ko loss hoga.
How does the acceleration due to gravity (g) change as one moves deep inside a mine or high up into the atmosphere?
पृथ्वी की सतह से ऊपर जाने पर या खदान में गहराई में जाने पर गुरुत्वीय त्वरण (g) के मान में क्या परिवर्तन होता है?
(A) It increases in both cases
(B) It increases going up and decreases going down
(C) It decreases in both cases
(D) It remains absolutely constant at 9.8 m/s^2
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: C) It decreases in both casesExplanation: Earth ki surface par g maximum hota hai. Chahe aap surface se upar height par jayein ya andar depth me jayein, dono hi cases me g ka value ghat-ta (decrease hota) hai.
What is the theoretical value of acceleration due to gravity (g) at the absolute center of the Earth?
पृथ्वी के बिल्कुल केंद्र (Center of Earth) पर गुरुत्वीय त्वरण (g) का मान कितना होता है?
(A) 9.8 m/s^2
(B) Zero
(C) Infinite
(D) -9.8 m/s^2
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: B) ZeroExplanation: Earth ke center par charo taraf ka mass barabar gravitational pull lagata hai jo aapas me cancel ho jata hai, isliye center par g = 0 hota hai.
If an object has a mass of 60 kg on Earth, what will be its mass and weight on the Moon? (Assume g_earth = 10 m/s^2)
यदि किसी वस्तु का द्रव्यमान पृथ्वी पर 60 kg है, तो चंद्रमा की सतह पर उसका द्रव्यमान और भार क्रमशः कितना होगा? (g_earth = 10 m/s^2)
(A) 10 kg and 100 N
(B) 60 kg and 600 N
(C) 10 kg and 600 N
(D) 60 kg and 100 N
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: D) 60 kg and 100 NExplanation: Mass hamesha constant rehta hai isliye Moon par bhi 60 kg rahega. Moon par g 1/6th hota hai, toh weight W = 60 * (10 / 6) = 100 N hoga.
If a heavy iron hammer and a light bird feather are dropped simultaneously in a complete vacuum chamber, what will be observed?
यदि एक भारी लोहे के हथौड़े और हल्के पंख को पूर्ण निर्वात (vacuum) में समान ऊंचाई से छोड़ा जाए, तो क्या होगा?
(A) The hammer will reach the bottom first because it is heavier
(B) Both will reach the bottom at the exact same time
(C) The feather will float upwards due to buoyancy
(D) Both will stop moving in vacuum
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: B) Both will reach the bottom at the exact same timeExplanation: Vacuum me air resistance zero hota hai. Acceleration due to gravity (g) object ke mass par depend nahi karta, isliye dono ek sath same speed se zameen par girenge.
Why does a flat sheet of paper fall slower than the same paper crumpled into a tight ball in a normal room with air?
हवा वाले कमरे में कागज की समतल शीट उसी कागज की मोड़ी हुई गेंद की तुलना में धीमी क्यों गिरती है?
(A) Because crumpling increases the mass of the paper
(B) Because the crumpled ball gains extra gravitational force
(C) Because the flat sheet has a larger surface area and experiences greater air resistance
(D) Because flat shapes are repelled by magnetic forces
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: C) Because the flat sheet has a larger surface area and experiences greater air resistanceExplanation: Flat sheet ka surface area bada hone ki wajah se uspar upward air resistance drag bohot zyada lagta hai, jabki crumpled ball par air drag kam lagta hai.
In physics, what is the core distinction between 'Thrust' and 'Pressure'?
भौतिकी में 'प्रणोद' (Thrust) और 'दाब' (Pressure) के बीच मुख्य अंतर क्या है?
(A) Thrust is scalar and Pressure is vector
(B) Thrust is the total perpendicular force acting on a surface, while Pressure is thrust per unit area (P = F/A)
(C) Both measure identical parameters with the same units
(D) Pressure does not depend on contact surface area
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: B) Thrust is the total perpendicular force acting on a surface, while Pressure is thrust per unit area (P = F/A)Explanation: Kisi surface par lagne wale total normal (perpendicular) force ko Thrust bolte hain (unit: N). Jab is force ko area se divide karte hain (P = F/A), toh use Pressure bolte hain (unit: Pa).
Why does a person sink deep into loose sand while standing on feet, but does not sink much when lying down?
रेत पर पैरों के बल खड़े होने पर व्यक्ति उसमें धंस जाता है, लेकिन लेटने पर नहीं धंसता। क्यों?
(A) Because body mass decreases when lying down
(B) Because standing concentrates weight on a smaller area creating higher pressure (P = F/A)
(C) Because loose sand absorbs horizontal force only
(D) Because gravity decreases in a horizontal posture
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: B) Because standing concentrates weight on a smaller area creating higher pressure (P = F/A)Explanation: Weight (force) dono case me same hai. Khade hone par feet ka area chhota hone se pressure (P = F/A) high banta hai jisse pair dhans jaate hain, jabki letne par area badhne se pressure bohot kam ho jata hai.
Why are cutting tools like knives, needles, and nails manufactured with extremely sharp edges or pointed ends?
चाकू, सुई और कील को अत्यंत नुकीला या धारदार क्यों बनाया जाता है?
(A) To maximize the contact area
(B) To change the chemical properties of materials
(C) To reduce the contact area so that a small force generates very high pressure (P = F/A)
(D) To absorb internal mechanical stress
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: C) To reduce the contact area so that a small force generates very high pressure (P = F/A)Explanation: Sharp edges area (A) ko bohot chhota kar deti hain. Area kam hone ki wajah se normal hath ka force bhi bohot high pressure generate karta hai, jisse cheezein aasaani se cut jaati hain.
How does the hydrostatic pressure inside a static liquid fundamentally vary with depth?
एक स्थिर द्रव के भीतर द्रवस्थैतिक दाब गहराई के साथ किस प्रकार बदलता है?
(A) It decreases continuously with depth
(B) It increases continuously with depth due to the increasing weight of the liquid column above (P = rho*g*h)
(C) It remains constant regardless of depth
(D) It drops to zero at the bottom center
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: B) It increases continuously with depth due to the increasing weight of the liquid column above (P = rho*g*h)Explanation: Liquid me jaise-jaise गहराई (h) badhti hai, upar ke liquid column ka weight badhta jata hai. Isliye hydrostatic pressure formula P = rho * g * h ke hisab se depth ke sath linearly badhta hai.
What did Archimedes' Principle discover regarding the magnitude of buoyant force (upthrust) acting on a submerged body?
आर्कमीडीज के सिद्धांत के अनुसार किसी डूबे हुए पिंड पर लगने वाले उत्प्लावन बल का मान किसके बराबर होता है?
(A) It is equal to the total mass of the object
(B) It is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the immersed body
(C) It depends solely on the color of the liquid
(D) It is always zero inside closed vessels
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: B) It is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the immersed bodyExplanation: Archimedes' Principle ke mutabiq jab koi body partially ya completely fluid me doobti hai, toh uspar lagne wala upward buoyant force us body dwara displace kiye gaye fluid ke weight ke barabar hota hai.
Why is it much easier for a human to float and swim in sea water compared to fresh river water?
ताजे नदी के पानी की तुलना में समुद्र के खारे पानी में तैरना आसान क्यों होता है?
(A) Because sea water has zero gravity
(B) Because sea water contains dissolved salts making it denser, exerting a greater buoyant upthrust
(C) Because sea waves push the swimmer forward
(D) Because salt reduces human body mass
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: B) Because sea water contains dissolved salts making it denser, exerting a greater buoyant upthrustExplanation: Sea water me dissolved salts hone ke karan uski density fresh water se zyada hoti hai. Archimedes principle ke hisab se denser liquid zyada buoyant upthrust lagata hai, jisse tairna aasan ho jata hai.
An iron nail sinks immediately in water, but a massive ship made of iron floats effortlessly. Why?
लोहे की कील पानी में डूब जाती है, लेकिन लोहे का बना विशाल जहाज तैरता है। क्यों?
(A) Because the ship alters the mass of iron
(B) Because water molecules attract nails more than ships
(C) Because the ship travels faster than the nail
(D) Because the ship is hollow and encloses air, displacing a weight of water equal to its total weight
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: D) Because the ship is hollow and encloses air, displacing a weight of water equal to its total weightExplanation: Solid nail ka volume kam hota hai isliye wo apne weight se kam paani displace kar pati hai aur doob jaati hai. Ship hollow hoti hai aur uska shape aisa hota hai ki wo apne poore weight ke barabar paani displace karke aasaani se float karti hai.
What is the primary scientific criterion that determines whether a solid object will float or sink in a fluid?
यह तय करने का मुख्य वैज्ञानिक नियम क्या है कि कोई ठोस वस्तु द्रव में तैरेगी या डूबेगी?
(A) The total mass of the object alone
(B) Comparison of the object's density with the fluid's density
(C) The depth of the liquid container
(D) The shape and color profile of the object
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: B) Comparison of the object's density with the fluid's densityExplanation: Agar object ki density fluid ki density se zyada hai (rho_obj > rho_fluid) toh wo doob jayegi. Agar object ki density fluid se kam hai toh wo float karegi.
An object whose density is exactly equal to the density of the liquid is placed completely inside that liquid. What will happen to it?
यदि किसी वस्तु का घनत्व द्रव के घनत्व के ठीक बराबर हो और उसे द्रव में डुबोया जाए, तो क्या होगा?
(A) It will pop out of the liquid surface
(B) It will sink to the bottom immediately
(C) It will remain suspended at whatever depth it is placed within the liquid
(D) It will start spinning at high speed
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: C) It will remain suspended at whatever depth it is placed within the liquidExplanation: Jab density barabar hoti hai, toh downward weight aur upward buoyant force bilkul balance ho jaate hain. Object ko liquid me jis depth par bhi chhodenge, wo wahi suspended (taharta hua) reh jayega.
Under what strict kinematic condition are average speed and the magnitude of average velocity completely identical?
किस गतिज स्थिति में औसत चाल और औसत वेग का परिमाण बिल्कुल समान होता है?
(A) When the object moves in a uniform circular loop
(B) When the object moves strictly in a straight line without changing its direction
(C) When acceleration is permanently perpendicular to velocity
(D) When total displacement at the end of the trip is zero
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: B) When the object moves strictly in a straight line without changing its directionExplanation: Average speed = total distance / time aur average velocity = displacement / time. Distance aur displacement tabhi barabar hote hain jab body bina mude ek seedhi straight line me travel kare.