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What is the minimum age prescribed by the Constitution to be appointed as a Judge of the Supreme Court of India?
भारत के सर्वोच्च न्यायालय का न्यायाधीश बनने के लिए संविधान द्वारा निर्धारित न्यूनतम आयु क्या है?
(A) 30 years
(B) 35 years
(C) No minimum age is prescribed in the Constitution
(D) 45 years
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: C) No minimum age is prescribed in the ConstitutionExplanation: Constitution me SC judge banne ke liye koi lower age limit nahi di gayi hai; sirf retirement age (65 years) specify ki gayi hai. Baki eligibility criteria me 5 saal tak HC judge ya 10 saal tak HC advocate hona, ya President ki nazar me distinguished jurist hona shamil hai.
Who has the constitutional authority to increase the sanctioned strength of Judges in the Supreme Court of India?
भारत के सर्वोच्च न्यायालय में न्यायाधीशों की स्वीकृत संख्या बढ़ाने का संवैधानिक अधिकार किसके पास है?
(A) The President through executive order
(B) The Chief Justice of India
(C) Parliament by Law
(D) Union Ministry of Law and Justice
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: C) Parliament by LawExplanation: Article 124(1) ke mutabiq Parliament law pass karke Supreme Court ke judges ki sankhya badha sakti hai. High Court ke case me ye power President ke paas hoti hai jo workload ke hisab se strength decide karta hai.
Does the Patna High Court have any permanent or circuit bench outside Patna within Bihar?
क्या बिहार के भीतर पटना से बाहर पटना उच्च न्यायालय की कोई स्थायी या सर्किट बेंच है?
(A) Permanent bench at Muzaffarpur
(B) Circuit bench at Bhagalpur
(C) Permanent bench at Gaya
(D) No, it has no circuit or permanent bench outside Patna
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: D) No, it has no circuit or permanent bench outside PatnaExplanation: Patna High Court 1916 me sthapit hua tha aur iski poore Bihar me koi circuit ya permanent bench nahi hai; poora state jurisdiction direct Patna se hi function karta hai (Jharkhand alag hone se pehle Ranchi bench hua karti thi).
Why is the writ jurisdiction of a High Court under Article 226 considered wider than that of the Supreme Court under Article 32?
अनुच्छेद 226 के तहत उच्च न्यायालय का रिट क्षेत्राधिकार अनुच्छेद 32 के तहत सर्वोच्च न्यायालय से अधिक व्यापक क्यों माना जाता है?
(A) Because High Court can issue writs for both Fundamental Rights and any other legal rights
(B) Because High Court has more judges than Supreme Court
(C) Because High Court can issue writs against foreign embassies
(D) Because decisions under Article 226 cannot be appealed in Supreme Court
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: A) Because High Court can issue writs for both Fundamental Rights and any other legal rightsExplanation: Article 32 ke tehat Supreme Court sirf Part III ke Fundamental Rights enforce karne ke liye writ issue kar sakta hai, jabki Article 226 ke tehat High Court Fundamental Rights ke alawa kisi bhi regular legal right ke violation par bhi writ de sakta hai.
Who was the first Dalit Chief Justice of India?
भारत के पहले दलित मुख्य न्यायाधीश कौन थे?
(A) Justice K.G. Balakrishnan
(B) Justice V. Ramaswami
(C) Justice H.R. Khanna
(D) Justice P.N. Bhagwati
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: A) Justice K.G. BalakrishnanExplanation: Justice K.G. Balakrishnan 2007 me Bharat ke 37th Chief Justice of India bane the aur wo is apex judicial post tak pahunchne wale pehle Dalit judge the.
The judicial concept of 'Curative Petition' was evolved by the Supreme Court of India in which landmark case?
'क्यूरेटिव पिटीशन' (उपचारात्मक याचिका) की अवधारणा सुप्रीम कोर्ट द्वारा किस ऐतिहासिक मामले में विकसित की गई थी?
(A) Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973)
(B) Rupa Ashok Hurra v. Ashok Hurra (2002)
(C) Vishaka v. State of Rajasthan (1997)
(D) Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India (1978)
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: B) Rupa Ashok Hurra v. Ashok Hurra (2002)Explanation: Rupa Ashok Hurra case (2002) me SC ne hold kiya ki review petition dismiss hone ke baad bhi agar natural justice ka gross violation hua ho ya manifest bias ho, toh gross miscarriage of justice rokne ke liye curative petition aakhri legal remedy ke roop me entertain ki ja sakti hai.
To whom does a Judge of a State High Court address their written letter of resignation?
उच्च न्यायालय का कोई न्यायाधीश अपना त्यागपत्र किसे संबोधित करता है?
(A) The Chief Justice of that High Court
(B) The Governor of the concerned State
(C) The President of India
(D) The Chief Justice of India
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: C) The President of IndiaExplanation: Article 217(1)(a) ke tehat High Court judge ko appoint President karta hai, isliye wo apna resignation letter bhi under his hand President of India ko hi address karke submit karte hain, Governor ko nahi.
Which High Court exercises territorial jurisdiction over the largest number of Indian States?
किस उच्च न्यायालय का क्षेत्रीय क्षेत्राधिकार राज्यों की संख्या के संदर्भ में सबसे बड़ा है?
(A) Bombay High Court
(B) Calcutta High Court
(C) Gauhati High Court
(D) Punjab and Haryana High Court
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: C) Gauhati High CourtExplanation: Gauhati High Court 4 states (Assam, Nagaland, Mizoram aur Arunachal Pradesh) ka common High Court hai. 2013 me Manipur, Meghalaya aur Tripura ke alag High Court banne se pehle iska jurisdiction 7 states par tha.
Under Article 143, what is the constitutional nature of the Advisory Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court?
अनुच्छेद 143 के तहत सुप्रीम कोर्ट के परामर्शदात्री क्षेत्राधिकार की संवैधानिक प्रकृति क्या है?
(A) The opinion given by the Supreme Court is legally binding on the President
(B) The Supreme Court is bound to answer every query referred to it without exception
(C) The President is not bound to accept the opinion, and the Court may decline to answer non-treaty questions of public importance
(D) Only criminal and military matters can be referred for advisory opinion
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: C) The President is not bound to accept the opinion, and the Court may decline to answer non-treaty questions of public importanceExplanation: Article 143 ke tehat President public importance ke law/fact par advice maang sakta hai. SC advice dene ke liye legally compel nahi kiya ja sakta (jaise Ram Janmabhoomi reference 1993 me decline kiya tha), aur di gayi advice President par binding nahi hoti.
Which disputes fall under the exclusive 'Original Jurisdiction' of the Supreme Court under Article 131?
अनुच्छेद 131 के तहत सुप्रीम कोर्ट के अनन्य 'मूल क्षेत्राधिकार' में कौन से विवाद आते हैं?
(A) Private commercial disputes between corporate entities
(B) Disputes between Centre and one or more States, or between two or more States
(C) Appeals from State Administrative Tribunals
(D) Disputes regarding inter-state water sharing councils
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: B) Disputes between Centre and one or more States, or between two or more StatesExplanation: Article 131 SC ko exclusive original jurisdiction deta hai federal disputes me (Centre vs States ya State vs State). Inter-state water disputes Article 262 ke tehat is jurisdiction se excluded hote hain aur tribunals ke paas jaate hain.
Who is widely recognized as the 'Father of Public Interest Litigation (PIL)' in India?
भारत में 'जनहित याचिका' (PIL) का जनक किसे माना जाता है?
(A) Justice H.J. Kania
(B) Justice P.N. Bhagwati
(C) Justice Y.V. Chandrachud
(D) Justice M. Hidayatullah
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: B) Justice P.N. BhagwatiExplanation: Justice P.N. Bhagwati (aur unke sath Justice V.R. Krishna Iyer) ne 1980s me traditional 'locus standi' ke rule ko relax karke Epistolary jurisdiction start kiya, jisme post-card ya letter ko PIL treat karke poor aur disadvantaged sections ko direct justice provide kiya gaya.
On what specific constitutional grounds can a Supreme Court or High Court judge be removed under Article 124(4)?
अनुच्छेद 124(4) के तहत सुप्रीम कोर्ट या हाई कोर्ट के जज को किन विशिष्ट आधारों पर हटाया जा सकता है?
(A) Proven misbehaviour or incapacity
(B) Moral turpitude and private practice
(C) Insubordination to the Chief Justice
(D) Refusal to deliver judgments within time limits
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: A) Proven misbehaviour or incapacityExplanation: Judicial independence maintain karne ke liye Constitution me judges removal ke sirf do grounds diye gaye hain: 'Proved Misbehaviour' ya 'Incapacity'. Iske liye Judges (Inquiry) Act 1968 ke tehat 3-member inquiry committee banti hai aur Parliament me special majority mandatory hoti hai.
Under the Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968, what is the minimum member threshold required to introduce a removal motion against a judge in Parliament?
न्यायाधीश (जांच) अधिनियम 1968 के तहत न्यायाधीश को हटाने का प्रस्ताव पेश करने के लिए न्यूनतम कितने सांसदों के हस्ताक्षर आवश्यक हैं?
(A) 50 members in Lok Sabha or 25 members in Rajya Sabha
(B) 100 members in Lok Sabha or 50 members in Rajya Sabha
(C) Simple majority of either House
(D) 10% of total combined membership of Parliament
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: B) 100 members in Lok Sabha or 50 members in Rajya SabhaExplanation: Judges removal motion introduce karne ke liye Lok Sabha me kam se kam 100 MPs ke aur Rajya Sabha me kam se kam 50 MPs ke signed notice Speaker ya Chairman ko submit karna zaroori hota hai.
Who was the first female judge appointed to the Supreme Court of India?
भारत के सर्वोच्च न्यायालय में नियुक्त होने वाली पहली महिला न्यायाधीश कौन थीं?
(A) Justice Leila Seth
(B) Justice M. Fathima Beevi
(C) Justice Indu Malhotra
(D) Justice Ruma Pal
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: B) Justice M. Fathima BeeviExplanation: Justice M. Fathima Beevi 1989 me Supreme Court ki pehli mahila judge bani thin. Justice Leila Seth kisi High Court (Himachal Pradesh HC, 1991) ki pehli female Chief Justice thin.
Under Article 136, what is the nature of the Supreme Court's power regarding 'Special Leave Petitions' (SLP)?
अनुच्छेद 136 के तहत 'विशेष अनुमति याचिका' (SLP) पर सुप्रीम कोर्ट की शक्ति की प्रकृति क्या है?
(A) It is an automatic statutory right of appeal available to all litigants
(B) It is an extraordinary discretionary power to grant leave to appeal against any judgment from any court or tribunal in India (except armed forces tribunals)
(C) It applies exclusively to death penalty confirmation proceedings
(D) It can be exercised only after obtaining permission from the concerned High Court
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: B) It is an extraordinary discretionary power to grant leave to appeal against any judgment from any court or tribunal in India (except armed forces tribunals)Explanation: Article 136 ek discretionary power hai jo litigant ka absolute right nahi hai. SC kisi bhi court ya tribunal ke final ya interim order ke khilaaf appeal allow kar sakta hai, par ye power military court-martial decisions par apply nahi hoti.
What extraordinary power is conferred upon the Supreme Court under Article 142 of the Constitution?
संविधान के अनुच्छेद 142 के तहत सुप्रीम कोर्ट को कौन सी असाधारण शक्ति प्रदान की गई है?
(A) Power to amend legislative schedules
(B) Power to pass any decree or order necessary for doing 'complete justice' in any cause or matter pending before it
(C) Power to dissolve lower state legislative assemblies during administrative deadlocks
(D) Power to appoint Union Cabinet secretaries
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: B) Power to pass any decree or order necessary for doing 'complete justice' in any cause or matter pending before itExplanation: Article 142 Supreme Court ko 'complete justice' deliver karne ke liye extraordinary inherent equity powers deta hai, jiske tehat court statutory technicalities se aage badhkar orders pass kar sakta hai (jaise Union Carbide Bhopal gas case aur Ayodhya dispute me use hua tha).
Can a retired Judge of the Supreme Court plead or act in any court or before any authority within India?
क्या सुप्रीम कोर्ट का सेवानिवृत्त न्यायाधीश भारत के किसी न्यायालय या प्राधिकरण के समक्ष वकालत कर सकता है?
(A) Yes, in all High Courts across India
(B) Yes, but only before specialized arbitral tribunals
(C) No, Article 124(7) places a total bar on practicing in any court or authority in India
(D) Only with prior presidential approval
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: C) No, Article 124(7) places a total bar on practicing in any court or authority in IndiaExplanation: Article 124(7) me strict bar hai ki SC ka retired judge Bharat ke kisi bhi court ya authority ke aage plead ya act nahi kar sakta. High Court ke retired judge un High Courts me practice nahi kar sakte jahan wo permanent judge rahe hon, par SC aur baki HCs me practice kar sakte hain.
When an appellate Court of Sessions passes a death sentence, what mandatory statutory condition must be satisfied before execution?
जब सत्र न्यायालय मृत्युदंड (फांसी) की सजा सुनाता है, तो उसके क्रियान्वयन से पहले कौन सी अनिवार्य शर्त पूरी होनी चाहिए?
(A) It becomes executable immediately without higher approval
(B) It must be confirmed by the High Court under the Code of Criminal Procedure (now BNSS)
(C) It requires a signed warrant from the State Governor alone
(D) It must be reviewed by the Bar Council of India
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: B) It must be confirmed by the High Court under the Code of Criminal Procedure (now BNSS)Explanation: Sessions Court death sentence award kar sakti hai, par CrPC/BNSS ke rules ke hisab se jab tak High Court us death sentence ko re-examine karke confirm nahi karta, tab tak execution nahi ho sakta.
The Collegium System for judicial appointments in India evolved through which famous series of judicial rulings?
भारत में न्यायाधीशों की नियुक्ति के लिए कॉलेजियम प्रणाली किन प्रसिद्ध फैसलों की श्रृंखला से विकसित हुई?
(A) Three Judges Cases (1982, 1993, 1998)
(B) The Habeas Corpus and Preventive Detention cases
(C) The Golaknath and Minerva Mills line of cases
(D) The Berubari Union references
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: A) Three Judges Cases (1982, 1993, 1998)Explanation: Collegium system Constitution me likha hua nahi tha; ye First Judges Case (1982 - Executive supremacy), Second Judges Case (1993 - Consultation means concurrence), aur Third Judges Case (1998 - CJI + 4 senior-most judges plurality) ke through evolve hua.
Which High Court exercises territorial jurisdiction over the Union Territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands?
अंडमान और निकोबार द्वीप समूह पर किस उच्च न्यायालय का क्षेत्राधिकार है?
(A) Madras High Court
(B) Calcutta High Court (Circuit Bench at Port Blair)
(C) Orissa High Court
(D) Kerala High Court
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: B) Calcutta High Court (Circuit Bench at Port Blair)Explanation: Andaman and Nicobar Islands Calcutta High Court ke jurisdiction me aate hain, aur Port Blair me iski permanent circuit bench function karti hai. Lakshadweep Kerala High Court ke jurisdiction me aata hai.
Who administers the oath of office to a High Court Judge upon appointment?
उच्च न्यायालय के न्यायाधीश को पद की शपथ कौन दिलाता है?
(A) The President of India
(B) The Chief Justice of India
(C) The Governor of the State (or a person appointed by them)
(D) The Speaker of the State Legislative Assembly
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: C) The Governor of the State (or a person appointed by them)Explanation: High Court judges ko appoint President karta hai under Article 217, par Article 219 ke mutabiq unhe oath concerned state ka Governor ya unke dwara designated person dilwata hai.
Under Article 222, who holds the constitutional power to transfer a Judge from one High Court to another?
अनुच्छेद 222 के तहत न्यायाधीश को एक उच्च न्यायालय से दूसरे उच्च न्यायालय में स्थानांतरित करने की शक्ति किसके पास है?
(A) The Chief Justice of India acting independently
(B) The President, after consultation with the Chief Justice of India (acting with the Collegium)
(C) The Governors of the two concerned States jointly
(D) The Union Law Minister with parliamentary approval
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: B) The President, after consultation with the Chief Justice of India (acting with the Collegium)Explanation: Article 222 ke tehat President High Court judges ko transfer karta hai CJI ki consultation ke baad. Third Judges Case (1998) ke hisab se CJI ke collegium me 4 senior-most SC judges aur dono concerned High Courts ke Chief Justices ka input hona mandatory hai.
Under Article 233, who is the appointing authority for District Judges in a State?
अनुच्छेद 233 के तहत राज्य में जिला न्यायाधीशों की नियुक्ति किसके द्वारा की जाती है?
(A) The Governor of the State in consultation with the High Court
(B) The President of India on recommendation of the High Court Chief Justice
(C) The State Public Service Commission independently
(D) The Chief Minister through the Law Department
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: A) The Governor of the State in consultation with the High CourtExplanation: Article 233 ke mutabiq District judges ki appointment, posting aur promotion Governor karta hai, par isme concerned State High Court se direct consultation mandatory hota hai.
What does the term 'Court of Record' signify under Article 129 (for Supreme Court) and Article 215 (for High Courts)?
अनुच्छेद 129 (सुप्रीम कोर्ट) और अनुच्छेद 215 (हाई कोर्ट) के तहत 'अभिलेख न्यायालय' (Court of Record) का क्या अर्थ है?
(A) The court is required to maintain audio recordings of all witness testimonies
(B) Its acts and judicial proceedings are recorded for perpetual memory and testimony with evidentiary value, and it has the power to punish for contempt of itself
(C) The court cannot review its own judgments under any circumstance
(D) The court records must be deposited in the National Archives annually
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: B) Its acts and judicial proceedings are recorded for perpetual memory and testimony with evidentiary value, and it has the power to punish for contempt of itselfExplanation: Court of Record ke do core attributes hote hain: iske decisions legal precedents aur evidentiary record bante hain jinki validity ko kisi subordinate court me question nahi kiya ja sakta, aur court ko apni dignity maintain rakhne ke liye Contempt of Court punish karne ki inherent power hoti hai.
What administrative power does the Chief Justice of India exercise as the 'Master of the Roster'?
'मास्टर ऑफ द रोस्टर' के रूप में भारत के मुख्य न्यायाधीश के पास कौन सी प्रशासनिक शक्ति होती है?
(A) Exclusive prerogative to constitute benches of the Supreme Court and allocate cases to those benches
(B) Power to overturn rulings of division benches administratively
(C) Authority to decide the retirement dates of fellow judges
(D) Unilateral power to transfer cases to international courts
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: A) Exclusive prerogative to constitute benches of the Supreme Court and allocate cases to those benchesExplanation: Supreme Court rules aur judicial precedents ke hisab se CJI is the 'Master of the Roster'. Wahi unilatelly determine karte hain ki kitni benches banengi aur kaun sa case kis bench ke samne hearing ke liye list hoga.
Under Article 227, what is the scope of the High Court's power of superintendence?
अनुच्छेद 227 के तहत उच्च न्यायालय के अधीक्षण की शक्ति का दायरा क्या है?
(A) Superintendence over all courts and tribunals throughout its territorial jurisdiction, excluding military tribunals
(B) Superintendence over police investigation protocols only
(C) Administrative control over the State Legislative Assembly
(D) Appellate power over all courts including the Supreme Court on state law matters
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: A) Superintendence over all courts and tribunals throughout its territorial jurisdiction, excluding military tribunalsExplanation: Article 227 ke tehat High Court ke paas judicial aur administrative dono tarah ki superintendence power hoti hai un sabhi lower courts aur tribunals par jo uske territory me aate hain; lekin Article 227(4) ke tehat Armed Forces ke military tribunals is superintendence se bahar hote hain.
The 'Basic Structure Doctrine' limiting the amending power of Parliament under Article 368 was established in which historic case?
अनुच्छेद 368 के तहत संसद की संशोधन शक्ति को सीमित करने वाला 'मूल संरचना का सिद्धांत' किस ऐतिहासिक मामले में स्थापित किया गया था?
(A) Golaknath v. State of Punjab (1967)
(B) Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973)
(C) Minerva Mills v. Union of India (1980)
(D) Shankari Prasad v. Union of India (1951)
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: B) Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973)Explanation: Kesavananda Bharati case (1973) me 13-judge bench ne 7:6 ke majority se Basic Structure Doctrine di. Court ne kaha ki Parliament Article 368 se Constitution amend toh kar sakti hai, par uske core identity ya basic features (jaise Judicial Review, Secularism, Democracy) ko destroy nahi kar sakti.
What is the legal status of an award passed by a 'Lok Adalat' organized under the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987?
विधिक सेवा प्राधिकरण अधिनियम 1987 के तहत आयोजित 'लोक अदालत' के फैसले की कानूनी स्थिति क्या है?
(A) It is merely a non-binding mediation proposal
(B) It is deemed to be a decree of a civil court, is final and binding on all parties, and no appeal lies against it in any court
(C) It can be challenged before a District Judge within 30 days
(D) It applies only to criminal compoundable offenses
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: B) It is deemed to be a decree of a civil court, is final and binding on all parties, and no appeal lies against it in any courtExplanation: Lok Adalat mutual consent aur compromise par based dispute resolution mechanism hai. Iska award Civil Court ki decree ke barabar final hota hai aur iske khilaaf kisi regular court me koi appeal allow nahi hoti.
In the landmark 'Minerva Mills v. Union of India (1980)' case, how did the Supreme Court describe the relationship between Fundamental Rights and DPSPs?
'मिनर्वा मिल्स मामले (1980)' में सुप्रीम कोर्ट ने मौलिक अधिकारों और नीति निर्देशक तत्वों (DPSP) के संबंध को किस प्रकार वर्णित किया?
(A) DPSPs completely override Fundamental Rights in all cases
(B) Fundamental Rights are absolute and DPSPs are unconstitutional
(C) They are like two wheels of a chariot, built on mutual balance and harmony without one being subordinated to the other
(D) They are independent systems operating under different jurisdictions
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: C) They are like two wheels of a chariot, built on mutual balance and harmony without one being subordinated to the otherExplanation: Minerva Mills case (1980) me SC ne 42nd Amendment ke us section ko strike down kiya jo sabhi DPSPs ko Articles 14 aur 19 par primacy deta tha. Court ne observe kiya ki Indian Constitution Part III (FR) aur Part IV (DPSP) ke beech ke delicate balance par establish kiya gaya chariot hai.
Who was the only Chief Justice of India to have served as the Acting President of India?
भारत के कार्यवाहक राष्ट्रपति के रूप में कार्य करने वाले एकमात्र मुख्य न्यायाधीश कौन थे?
(A) Justice P.B. Gajendragadkar
(B) Justice M. Hidayatullah
(C) Justice K. Subba Rao
(D) Justice S.M. Sikri
✅ Answer & Explanation
Sahi jawab: B) Justice M. HidayatullahExplanation: 1969 me President Zakir Husain ki death aur Vice-President V.V. Giri ke resignation ke baad President (Discharge of Functions) Act 1969 ke tehat CJI Mohammad Hidayatullah ne Acting President of India ke roop me serve kiya tha.